水流紊动特性对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

为优化活性污泥处理系统的设计和运行,在SBR反应器中通过改变搅拌浆的转速,调整水流的紊动条件,借助粒子图像测速技术分析了反应器内水流的紊动特性,研究了反应器内不同区域紊动强度对活性污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,搅拌浆叶周围15mm的范围内,紊动强度远高于距桨叶更远的区域,距离浆板5mm的1-1断面和距离浆板60mm的3-3断面搅拌轴心处的紊动强度值分别反映了反应器搅拌主体区和其他区的紊动特征.随搅拌浆转速的增加,反应器内各区域的紊动强度逐渐增加,活性污泥的沉降性能表现出先改善后恶化的规律.当反应器搅拌主体区紊动强度1.51%,其他区紊动强度0.31%时,本试验条件下形成的活性污泥沉降指数(SVI)达到最小值67mL/g,界面沉降速率(ZSV)达到最大值0.20mm/s,活性污泥的沉降性能最佳.搅拌主体区范围较小,紊动强度较高,增强该区的紊动强度会加剧污泥的侵蚀破坏;其他区范围较大,紊动强度较低,增强该区的紊动强度对改善污泥的沉降效果作用明显.工程中可通过降低搅拌主体区的紊动强度,选择其他区适当的紊动强度,改善活性污泥的沉降性能.     

A novel method to synthesize polyaluminum chloride with a membrane reactor

Al13 or Alb is usually regarded as the most efficient species of polyaluminum chloride(PAC), the performance flocculant for water treatment. This paper was intended to report a new method to synthesize PAC with high content Alb, by using the membrane reactor. NaOH solutions were managed to permeate slowly through the micropores of ultrafiltration membrane into AlCl3 solutions under the suitable transmembrane pressure(TMP). Meanwhile NaOH drops size was limited to nano-scale, resulting in dramatical reduction of the characteristic diffusion time and great increment of contact interface between the strong base and AI ions in solution to favor the formation of Al(OH)4^-, the precursor of AI,3, so few precipitates and much Alb are produced. When the initial concentration of AlCl3/NaOH is 0.40/2.0 (mol/L), MWCO = 10000, TMP = 0.0085 MPa, T= 305 K and B(molar ratio of OH^-/Al^3 ) = 2.25, the quantity of Alb attains about 80%. The results of ^27Al-NMR determination showed that the Al13 content is equal to Alb content. And our PAC product has shown better flocculation effects than the commercial product.     

UASB反应器处理淀粉废水的效果及影响因素

介绍了UASB反应器处理玉米淀粉废水的效果,分析了主要因素对处理效果的影响。淀粉废水处理实际工程的运行数据表明,UASB反应器处理玉米淀粉废水具有稳定的处理效果,COD去除率在83%以上,BOD5去除率在90%以上,出水满足后续好氧处理工艺的要求;有机负荷、pH值、碱度、出水循环、SO42-和悬浮物等是影响处理效果和颗粒污泥形成及其性质的几个关键因素。     

UASB反应器处理维生素B12淀粉混合废水的研究

为考察厌氧技术处理维生素Ｂ１２淀粉混合废水的可行性,进行了采用ＵＡＳＢ反应器处理废水研究,结果表明,在中温条件下,当进水ＣＯＤ浓度为１００００－１２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,ＣＯＤ容积负荷可达到３０ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率为８０％,容积产气率为１６．８０ｍ＾３／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）。     

常温中试升流式厌氧污泥层反应器污泥颗粒化过程研究

应用6.7m~3的中试升流式厌氧污泥层反应器,以双层沉淀池污泥为接种污泥,处理啤酒废水(COD浓度在2400mg/L左右),采取适宜的技术措施,在20℃左右的常温条件下成功地实现了污泥倾粒化,反应器容积负荷达10—13kg COD/m~3·d,COD去除率大于85％。     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

生物过滤塔降解挥发性有机物动力学模型

提出了挥发性有机物(VOCs)生物降解新机理——吸附传递生物降解机理,建立了模型动力学方程,选择活性炭为滤料,以甲苯为VOCs代表,求取模型参数,获得了VOCs生物降解经验方程,并验证了模型的正确性。      

Optimization of carbon dioxide absorption in a continuous bubble column reactor using response surface methodology

Carbon dioxide absorption using amine based solvents is a well-known approach for carbon dioxide removal. Especially with the increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, there is a need for an optimization approach capable of multifactor calibration and prediction of interactions. Since conventional methods based on empirical relations are not efficiently applicable, this study investigates use of Response Surface Methodology as a strong optimization tool. A bubble column reactor was used and the effect of solvent concentration (10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 vol%), flow rate (4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 L min⁻¹), diffuser pore size (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and temperature (20.0, 25.0 and 30.0°C) on the absorption capacity and also overall mass transfer coefficient was evaluated. The optimization results for maintaining maximum capacity and overall mass transfer coefficient revealed that different optimization targets led to different tuned operational factors. Overall mass transfer coefficient decreased to 34.7 min⁻¹ when the maximum capacity was the desired target. High reaction rate along with the highest absorption capacity was set as desirable two factor target in this application. As a result, a third scenario was designed to maximize both mass transfer coefficient and absorption capacity simultaneously. The optimized condition was achieved when a gas flow rate of 5.9 L min⁻¹, MEA solution of 29.6 vol%, diffuser pore size of 0.5 mm and temperature of 20.6°C was adjusted. At this condition, mass transfer coefficient reached a maximum of 38.4 min⁻¹, with a forecasted achievable absorption capacity of 120.5 g CO₂ per kg MEA.     

短期低温冲击对PN/A颗粒污泥脱氮效能及微生物性能的影响

常温部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化(partial nitritation/anammox,PN/A)颗粒污泥中不同功能菌群对温度的响应机制不同,在低温条件下易导致脱氮系统失衡。为此,探讨PN/A颗粒污泥系统在温度冲击下的应激效应,包括脱氮性能、微生物活性和EPS对温度冲击的响应,并考察了温度冲击后系统性能恢复的可行性 。结果表明： PN/A颗粒污泥在25~30 ℃时脱氮性能最佳,平均总氮去除率可达到73.48%;低温冲击会抑制PN/A的脱氮性能,温度越低,其对总氮去除率影响越大,12 ℃以下的低温冲击导致平均总氮去除率下降至40.6%,且即使温度回升至30 ℃,平均总氮去除率只能恢复至66.27%。SGompertz模型可有效拟合温度与系统总氮去除负荷以及温度降幅与总氮去除负荷变化的关系,拟合所得可决系数R²均在0.995以上。通过分析温度对微生物活性影响发现,温度对PN/A颗粒污泥中 AOB、AnAOB以及NOB菌群活性影响不同,AnAOB对低温更加敏感。在12 ℃和7 ℃时,总氮比降解速率q(TN) 分别为0.40 mg·(g·h)⁻¹和0.74 mg·(g·h)⁻¹,相对于30 ℃时,q(TN)下降了93.42%和87.83%。在20~30 ℃时,EPS总量和TB、LB、SB组分基本稳定,温度降至 12 ℃以下,EPS总量及各组分均会大幅增加。EEM检测结果表明,低温可刺激TB-EPS分泌更多色氨酸类蛋白质。     

H2-MBfR反硝化效能及影响因素

氢自养反硝化因资源节约、无二次污染,是可持续的低碳污水处理工艺。为探究氢基质膜生物膜反应器(hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor)反硝化的快速启动及其脱氮性能,考察了不同进水浓度、pH、氢通量(J_m)等关键因素对H₂-MBfR反硝化过程的影响,分析了系统的微生物群落特征。结果表明：不同接种污泥14 d内反应器的反硝化效率均可稳定在98%以上,接种反硝化污泥更有利于快速启动;在氢气足够的条件下,通过提高进水NO₃^--N浓度和缩短水力停留时间(HRT),反应器运行负荷提高了3.3倍,系统维持稳定、高效的反硝化性能,相对于异养反硝化,可节省CO₂的理论排放量约为0.83~1.25 g(以NO₃^--N计);最佳初始pH在7.5左右,反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐的积累率最低;J_m与反硝化速率具有很好的一致性,提高J_m有利于提高反硝化效率。16s rRNA高通量测序结果表明,变形菌门Proteobacteria是H₂-MBfR系统中主导菌门,随着系统反硝化性能提升,该门类菌属达到47.5%。unclassified_f__Comamonadaceae、norank_f__Blastocatellaceae、Hydrogenophaga和Rhodobacter是H₂-MBfR系统中典型的反硝化菌属,在稳定期总丰度可达到46%左右。