PICRUSt2 functionally predicts organic compounds degradation and sulfate reduction pathways in an acidogenic bioreactor

• Over 70% reduction of sulfate was achieved for sulfate less than 12000 mg/L. • The decrease of genes encoding (EC: 1.3.8.1) induced the accumulation of VFAs. • The sulfate reduction genes were primary carried by genus Desulfovibrio. • Sulfate favored assimilatory, but inhibited dissimilatory sulfate reduction process. For comprehensive insights into the influences of sulfate on performance, microbial community and metabolic pathways in the acidification phase of a two-phase anaerobic system, a laboratory-scale acidogenic bioreactor was continuously operated to treat wastewater with elevated sulfate concentrations from 2000 to 14000 mg/L. The results showed that the acidogenic bioreactor could achieve sulfate reduction efficiency of greater than 70% for influent sulfate content less than 12000 mg/L. Increased sulfate induced the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), especially propionate and butyrate, which was the primary negative effects to system performance under the high-sulfate environment. High-throughput sequencing coupled with PICRUSt2 uncovered that the accumulation of VFAs was triggered by the decreasing of genes encoding short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC: 1.3.8.1), regulating the transformation of propanoyl-CoA to propenoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA of propionate and butyrate oxidation pathways, which made these two process hardly proceed. Besides, genes encoding (EC: 1.3.8.1) were mainly carried by order Clostridiales. Desulfovibrio was the most abundant sulfate-reducing bacteria and identified as the primary host of dissimilatory sulfate reduction functional genes. Functional analysis indicated the dissimilatory sulfate reduction process predominated under a low sulfate environment, but was not favored under the circumstance of high-sulfate. With the increase of sulfate, the assimilatory sulfate reduction process finally overwhelmed dissimilatory as the dominant sulfate reduction pathway in acidogenic bioreactor.     

反应堆压力容器保温层辐射屏蔽组件传热计算分析及屏蔽材料试验研究

目的 确保华龙一号HPR1000反应堆压力容器保温层辐射屏蔽组件在运行工况下的可靠性、安全性以及能够有效执行其功能。方法 采用基于传热理论结合经验公式的理论计算方法,以及流固耦合的有限元仿真分析,对辐射屏蔽组件的运行温度进行计算。针对屏蔽材料在受热状态下的性质变化,进行一系列的热态性质试验。结果 理论计算方法得到的结果为163.36~168.74 ℃,有限元仿真分析得到的结果为236.85~266.85 ℃,两者偏差约100 ℃。对造成该种差异的原因进行了分析,发现仿真分析方法得到的结果的置信度更高。屏蔽材料在受热状态下,其体积膨胀率可达到38.82%,而当屏蔽材料受热超过其温度限值204 ℃后,将出现明显的粉化等物理状态恶化的趋势。结论 流固耦合的有限元仿真分析方法更适用于辐射屏蔽组件的传热过程计算,同时获取了屏蔽材料物理性状受热变化趋势,对屏蔽组件的选材及结构设计具有指导意义。     

EGSB反应器的低温运行性能研究

对膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器在低温(10～15℃)条件下的运行状况和污泥特性进行研究.结果表明,EGSB反应器在10～15℃的低温条件下能够稳定高效运行.当进水COD质量浓度低至114mg/L或高达3600mg/L(有机负荷高达23kg COD·m-3·d-1)时,COD去除率均能维持在70%左右.与中温(32～35℃)相比,低温时颗粒污泥的沉速相对较低,但不低于15m/h,不会被冲出反应器而造成污泥流失.低温时,颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性明显降低,COD去除率也明显降低,但液体上升流速的提高能改善泥水的传质效果,提高COD去除率.在HRT=0.9h、液体上升流速Vup=3.0m/h左右的运行条件下,反应器内温度由35℃降到15℃时,K由0.391 × 103降到0.107×103,COD去除率由84.32%降到68.9%.但当Vup由3.0m/h提高到4.2m/h时,K由0.107×103提高到0.254×103,COD去除率也由68.9%提高至76.7%.低温时,EGSB反应器的抗温度冲击能力很强.低浓度时,EGSB反应器的抗pH冲击能力不强,但随着进水COD浓度的提高,其抗DH冲击能力逐渐增强.EGSB反应器在低温低浓度条件下运行时需添加碱度以维持反应器内适宜的pH值.     

厌氧折流板反应器酸化及其对微生物种群分布的影响

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)酸化过程中pH、COD、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和微生物表观形态的变化,并基于荧光原位杂交(FISH)定量解析了酸化中厌氧微生物的种群演替过程.结果表明,酸化过程由ABR反应器前端向后端逐渐推进;完全酸化后,各隔室运行效率明显降低,COD去除率仅为30.9%,pH值下降1.0～2.2,出水VFA增长5.1倍.酸化显著影响微生物形态,导致颗粒污泥表层和内部微生物出现畸变甚至死亡,造成颗粒内外传质困难.基于FISH技术的定量研究表明,酸化促进了真细菌的繁殖,抑制了古细菌的生长,导致厌氧消化过程中3种关键菌群的大量减少,其中食丁酸盐产氢产乙酸菌Syntrophomonas spp.减少了30.9%,食丙酸盐产氢产乙酸菌Syntrophobacter wolinii减少了85.5%,耗氢产乙酸菌E.limosum减少了60.0%,产甲烷菌Methanomicrobiales减少了54.3%,微生物种群间物质供需平衡被破坏.     

Characteristics of gas-liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor and dye decoloration efficiency

The pulsed high-voltage discharge is a new advanced oxidation technology for water treatment. Methyl Orange (MO) dye wastewater was chosen as the target object. Some investigations were conducted on MO decoloration including the discharge characteristics of the multi-needle reactor, parameter optimization, and the degradation mechanism. The following results were obtained. The color group of the azo dye MO was effectively decomposed by water surface plasma. The decoloration rate was promoted with the increase of treatment time, peak voltage, and pulse frequency. When the initial conductivity was 1700 μS/cm, the decoloration rate was the highest. The optimum distance between the needle electrodes and the water surface was 1 mm, the distance between the grounding electrode and the water surface was 28 mm, and the number of needle electrodes and spacing between needles were 24 and 7.5 mm, respectively. The decoloration rate of MO was affected by the gas in the reactor and varied in the order oxygen > air> argon > nitrogen, and the energy yield obtained in this investigation was 0.45 g/kWh.     

给水管网生物膜反应器及分子生物学研究方法进展

饮用水在经管道输送到用户的过程中,微生物附着到管网内壁生长形成生物膜。生物膜的存在会引起一系列水质问题如病原菌的生长、色度和浊度的变化、管道的腐蚀等,对人类饮用水安全构成威胁。而且生物膜对消毒剂有顽强的抗性,一旦形成就难以控制。所以生物膜一直是给水管网研究的热点和难点。但是给水管网中生物膜的实际采样研究比较困难,而且实际取样无法连续监测生物膜形成的动态变化过程,因此用反应器实验模拟研究生物膜显得尤为重要。另外,随着技术的进步,研究给水管网生物膜不仅仅局限于传统的培养方法,还出现了一些新手段如现代分子生物学技术和显微镜图像分析技术,以便更加科学、合理地了解给水管网生物膜,从而保障城市供水的安全。文章重点介绍几种常见的用于研究给水管网生物膜的反应器及生物膜的研究方法,并对其原理及优缺点作了简要的讨论。     

一种厌氧同时脱氮除磷的新现象

通过多次尝试和重现性验证,首次证明了以葡萄糖为碳源的EBPR(A/O工艺)中的厌氧池可以实现"同时脱氮除磷"的功能,对磷和氨氮的去除效率甚至可以达到35%和40%左右.本文通过应用宏基因组学技术较好地解决了A/O反应器中厌氧同时脱氮除磷优势微生物的鉴定难题.针对这种厌氧同时脱氮除磷的生物现象,论文展开了有关微生物的培养、鉴定等方面的研究和讨论.对于这种新型的"厌氧同时脱氮除磷"现象及其优势微生物的鉴定,国内外还未见公开报道.     

微生物燃料电池用于废水能源化的研究进展

微生物燃料电池能将废水中有机物的化学能转换成电能,在完成污染去除的同时实现能量回收,是一种新型的环境生物电化学技术。文章介绍了微生物燃料电池的工作原理,系统地总结了微生物燃料电池的技术体系构成要素,从电极构造、产电微生物、质子交换膜、反应器设计等方面阐述了微生物燃料电池研究现状与存在问题。针对微生物燃料电池在未来工程应用要求,指出反应器构型设计、生物电化学技术耦合等为未来研究重点。     

电化学合成臭氧技术的研究动态

臭氧/催化臭氧化技术在给水处理、污水深度处理以及难降解废水的处理中引起了广泛关注。传统的臭氧使用方法是将由氧气生成的气相臭氧溶入水中而得以应用。为了使臭氧更好的应用于水处理领域,采用电化学方法直接从水溶液中合成臭氧的技术近年来受到关注并得到重要发展,该技术设备简单,且能避免传统的气相合成臭氧技术的氮氧化物污染和臭氧的气/液转移损失,电极材料的发展和反应器系统的优化是推动此技术应用的关键。文章介绍了电化学合成臭氧技术的基本原理及其研究动态,重点评述了用于该技术的不同电极材料及其研究应用现状,同时也分析了电化学合成臭氧反应器的发展情况,指出了目前电化学合成臭氧技术存在的主要问题和研究重点,并对该技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

微氧厌氧工艺处理糖蜜酒精废水的现场试验研究

利用EGSB反应器处理某酒精厂糖蜜酒精废水,调试过程中向反应器内加入培养好的无色硫细菌污泥颗粒,并利用进水曝气带入的少量氧气使其处于微氧状态,经过3个月左右的现场试验结果表明:当进水pH值为7.5、温度为40℃、COD浓度为15 000～25 000mg/L时,出水的pH值为7.0、温度为33℃、COD浓度为3 000～4 000mg/L,COD的去除率达80%～85%,产沼气量为4 800m3/d,且每月可节约5.6t燃煤。