原水生物预处理的轻质滤料滤池和陶粒滤池运行效果对比

以我国北方某水库水作为试验用原水,对比研究了采用biostyrene轻质滤料为填料的新型生物滤池和生物陶粒滤池对该原水进行生物预处理时的实际运行情况.结果表明,作为一种生物预处理工艺,轻质滤料滤池处理过程可以明显地改善原水水质.对于该试验原水而言,轻质滤料滤池对COD_Mn的去除在5%～20%之间,对NH₄⁺-N的去除则达到80%～95%,出水浊度也得到一定程度地降低,说明该滤池用于饮用水水源生物预处理是可行的.试验结果还表明,在相同的运行条件下,轻质滤料滤池对原水中的污染物,特别是对有机污染物和浊度的去除效率低于陶粒滤池,反冲洗过程对其运行效果的负面影响也比陶粒滤池显著.     

A long-term study comparing membrane filtration with Colilert defined substrates in detecting fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in natural waters

Assessment methods for determining the presence and number of fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in waters, foodstuffs, sewage effluent, and soils have evolved from multiple tube fermentations (MTF's) to membrane filtrations (MF's) to, most recently, defined substrate technologies (DST's). Mounting evidence indicates Colilert DST (IDEXX, Westbrook, ME) to be a versatile assessment technique for detecting and enumerating E. coli over a range of applications. This study compared the performance of Colilert DST with a confirmed standard MF technique using m-FC broth (Millipore, Bedford, MA) in assessing E. coli in ten different environmental water samples obtained monthly over a 3-year period from the upper Appomattox River, VA. For the duration of the study, E. coli counts measured by Colilert DST were positively correlated (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.956; slope=0.979; p<0.0001) with E. coli counts measured by confirmed MF procedures. The results of a two-factor ANOVA revealed that Colilert DST counts compared equally to confirmed MF counts by year (p=0.974), by stream sampled (p=1.0), and by season (p=0.696). E. coli counts were significantly lower during cold season months (Dec/Jan/Feb) than during warm season months (Jun/Jul/Aug) for each year contributing to marked variation in sample quality. Counts obtained by Colilert DST compared equally to those obtained by MF across all samples and dates for the three years. Colilert DST presents a laboratory protocol that is simpler to manage, quicker to process, and easier to quantify results than MF. These factors, plus the enhanced precision and versatility of Colilert DST over the span of this three-year study attests to its suitability for testing ambient surface waters.     

1株高效BBP降解菌的分离与特性研究

从湖北省荆沙河泥样中富集培养分离得到了1株能够以邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯为唯一碳源和能源生长的细菌并命名为HS-B1.采用形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定,发现HS-B1是1株杆状、需氧、革兰氏阴性细菌,接触酶呈阳性反应,氧化酶呈阴性反应,不产硫化氢气体,且该菌的16S rDNA序列与琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii)的相似性高达99%.因此初步鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.).摇瓶实验表明,菌株HS-B1生长和BBP降解的最适培养条件为35℃,pH 8.0.采用0.10 mmol.L-1非离子型表面活性剂吐温-80提高了BBP在水溶液中的表观溶解度,发现在最适培养条件下,HS-B1能够在48 h内将浓度为1 000 mg.L-1BBP完全降解,证明是一株高效降解菌.底物广谱性实验中,菌株HS-B1也能够有效利用DMP、DEP、DBP等邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,说明该菌株在处理邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的污染治理中有独特的应用潜力.     

4种人工湿地填料的f2噬菌体吸附特性

以无烟煤、钢渣、沸石和镁橄榄石这4种人工湿地填料为研究对象,以f2噬菌体为模型病毒,通过静态和动态吸附试验,考察和比较了4种填料的f2噬菌体吸附效果与特性.静态吸附结果表明,4种填料的f2噬菌体吸附去除效果依次为无烟煤>钢渣>镁橄榄石≈沸石,其中无烟煤对f2噬菌体的吸附过程经历了快、中、慢3个吸附阶段,且随着无烟煤投加量的增加,f2噬菌体去除率逐渐增加,优化的无烟煤投加量为8.0 g(固液比1∶12.5);4种填料的f2噬菌体等温吸附满足Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程;无烟煤和钢渣的f2噬菌体吸附满足准二级吸附动力学,它们的理论平衡吸附量分别为3.35×108PFU·g-1和2.56×108PFU·g-1,与试验条件下得到的平衡吸附量基本一致;液膜扩散过程为无烟煤和钢渣吸附f2噬菌体的速率控制步骤,但不是唯一控制步骤.动态吸附结果表明,吸附柱的f2噬菌体吸附过程经历了适应、吸附、脉冲吸附和动态平衡这4个阶段,达到动态平衡时的f2噬菌体对数去除率大于2.55 lg.     

3种不同基质潜流湿地对磷的去除效果

基质是潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统的重要组成部分,直接影响到系统的处理效果.本文研究了由沸石、页岩陶粒和碎石3种不同基质构建的潜流式人工湿地对磷的去除效果.结果表明,在设计水力停留时间3 d,连续进出水情况下,碎石单元对磷的去除效果最好,页岩陶粒单元次之,沸石单元效果最差,平均去除率分别为95%、60%和35%.在潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统运行初期观察到磷释放现象,沸石单元最为明显.进水磷浓度较低时,磷的去除率随浓度升高而升高,当正磷、总磷浓度分别升高到2.4～2.5和3.1～3.3 mg/L时,正磷、总磷的去除率开始迅速下降.     

木糖氧化无色杆菌及混合菌群对多环芳烃的降解特性

采用木糖氧化无色杆菌及混合菌降解水中多环芳烃。考察了木糖氧化无色杆菌的降解广谱性及其对多环芳烃混合底物的降解,特别考察了混合菌对具有弱致癌性的■(Chrysene)的降解特性。结果表明,木糖氧化无色杆菌具有较宽的降解谱,对多环芳烃混合底物具有良好降解特性。当蒽、菲、芘和■4种PAHs共存时,木糖氧化无色杆菌对蒽、菲、芘和■的降解效率分别达83%、66%、85%和80%。与单一木糖氧化无色杆菌相比,混合菌对的降解效率较高。尖镰孢菌与木糖氧化无色杆菌、茄镰孢菌与木糖氧化无色杆菌和3株菌同时共存时,■的降解效率分别达87%、88%和86%。     

Intertidal macrofaunal communities in an intensely polluted estuary

The Bilbao estuary (northern Spain) has suffered a serious environmental deterioration due to industrial and domestic discharges during decades. A total of 21 sampling stations were selected in order to: (1) study the intertidal fauna distribution on both hard and soft bottoms; (2) link this information with the prevalence of certain environmental variables at the sampling sites; and (3) define distinct biological zones with all the information gathered. Up to 50 taxa were identified mainly in the outer estuary with an abrupt decrease upstream. In general, fauna on hard substrates was more diverse, while soft bottom communities exhibited a more consistent structure. Sporadic hypoxic events were recorded in the water column of all the sites studied, which affects the distribution of species. Three major biotic zones are proposed in the estuary. This provides a reliable biomonitoring tool for assessing the effectiveness of a sewerage and remediation scheme ongoing on the river and evaluating the future use of each area in the urban development of the city of Bilbao and conurbation.     

Retention capacity of an organic bio-mixture against different mixtures of fungicides used in vineyards

A laboratory experiment was carried out to test the efficiency of a bio-mixture made up of pruning residues at two (PR2) and five (PR5) years of composting and wheat straw (STW) in the biological cleaning of water contaminated by different mixtures of fungicides usually employed in vineyards. The experiment was conducted and reproduced at a scale of 1:100 of operating field conditions. Commercial formulates of penconazole (PC), (RS)-1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole), dimetomorph (DM), (EZ)-4-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acryloyl]morpholine), azoxystrobin (AZ), (methyl (E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate), iprovalicarb (IP), (isopropyl 2-methyl-1-[(RS)-1-p-tolylethyl]carbamoyl-(S)-propylcarbamate), metalaxyl (MX), (methyl N-(methoxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-DL-alaninate), fludioxonil (FL), (4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile) and cyprodinil (CY), (4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine) were mixed in water and discharged into the bio-mixture following the time schedule of the treatments carried out in the grapevine in real field conditions. At each treatment, contaminated water with fungicides was circulated repeatedly through the bio-mixture to enhance the sorption of fungicides. In fact, it retained them between 98–100% with the exception of MX of which it was able to retain only 90.5%. The adsorption/desorption experiment showed that repeated circulation of water, instead of enhancing MX retention, can easily remove about 30% of MX already adsorbed by the bio-mixture. This finding suggests that water contaminated by very mobile pesticides should be discharged at the end of field treatments without re-circulating the water in order to avoid the release of pesticides weakly adsorbed on the bio-mixture.     

ZnCo-LDHs改性人工湿地沸石基质对城市污水的净化效果

选取常用的垂直流人工湿地沸石基质,采用金属离子物质的量比(Zn~(2+)∶Co~(3+))为2∶1在碱性环境下共沉淀生成ZnCo-LDHs,并覆膜于沸石基质表面,分析了改性前后基质的物化特性;构建模拟垂直流人工湿地基质试验柱,对改性前后2种沸石基质对城市污水的净化效果进行了研究。结果表明:Zn Co-LDHs覆膜改性沸石基质的方法是可行的;ZnCo-LDHs覆膜于基质表面,改变了原始沸石基质的物理化学特性,促进了基质对污染物的物理拦截和物化吸附作用;ZnCo-LDHs改性基质对城市污水中CODCr、氨氮、TP的净化效果均有所提高,其平均去除率分别达到了76%、63%和88%。     

有机底物对活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

研究了城市污水中常见的具有不同特性的有机底物(蛋白胨、葡萄糖、乙酸钠,以及乙酸钠和葡萄糖的混合物)分别在四个相同的反应器中所培养的活性污泥胞外聚合物的量和组成．结果表明：有机底物的特性影响胞外聚合物的组成和量,在乙酸钠为底物的污泥中,胞外多糖占大部分(糖类／蛋白质的比值为1．7—8.6,质量比),而以蛋白胨为底物时,胞外蛋白质占主要成分(糖类／蛋白质的比值为0.2-0.5);以乙酸钠为底物形成的胞外聚合物的总量较多,通过扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜对活性污泥进行观测,确证了胞外聚合物的存在及其形式,并得到了胞外聚合物层的大致尺寸．