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661.
662.
森林土地利用变化及其对碳循环的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
由于人口剧增,人类活动的影响不断加大,在过去100年全球土地利用/土地覆被发生了巨大的变化。最常见的土地利用变化是由森林转变为农业用地。森林砍伐使森林生态系统地上部生物量大大减少,砍伐后作农业用地,降低了植被生产力,减少了土壤有机质的输入,增强了腐殖质的矿化作用,有机质分解速率增加,有机碳贮量随之降低,从而影响到森林生态系统的碳循环,使大量碳元素释放到大气中,引起温室效应,导致全球变暖。另一个常见的土地利用变化是植树造林和森林恢复,这一过程可以增加森林生态系统的碳储量,从而减缓大气CO2体积分数的上升。 相似文献
663.
臭氧—活性炭组合工艺对饮用水中AOC的去除 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
研究了以O3/GAC为主的饮用水深度处理工艺对AOC去除效果 ,结果表明 :原水 (某江水 )AOC浓度为 6 1 9μg乙酸碳 /L ;生物陶粒滤池对AOC的去除率为 54% ;O3 +GAC对AOC的去除率为 83.8% ;加氯消毒后AOC浓度增加 1 .38倍 ;常规水处理工艺对AOC的去除率为 4 3.7% ,不能保证饮用水的生物稳定性 相似文献
664.
本文提出将复合螯合剂(NaDDTC/8—Oxin)饱和吸附于活性碳上作为吸附材料.分离富集和ICP—AES同时测定水中痕量金属元素的方法。用ICP—AES研究了该吸附材料对某些痕量元素的吸附和解吸性能;考察了共存元素的影响。方法应用于湖水中Fe、Cu、Mn、Y和Sc的测定,检出限为ng/ml级,RSD为1.9%~4.4%,加入回收率81%~101%间,试样分析结果满意。 相似文献
665.
666.
Fearnside Philip M. Lashof Daniel A. Moura-Costa Pedro 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2000,5(3):239-270
Many proposed activities formitigating global warming in the land-use change and forestry(LUCF) sector differ from measures to avoid fossilfuel emissions because carbon (C) may be held out ofthe atmosphere only temporarily. In addition, thetiming of the effects is usually different. Many LUCFactivities alter C fluxes to and from the atmosphereseveral decades into the future, whereas fossil fuelemissions avoidance has immediate effects. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are animportant part of emissions from deforestation inlow-latitude regions, also pose complications forcomparisons between fossil fuel and LUCF, since themechanism generally used to compare these gases(global warming potentials) assumes simultaneousemissions. A common numeraire is needed to expressglobal warming mitigation benefits of different kindsof projects, such as fossil fuel emissions reduction,C sequestration in forest plantations, avoideddeforestation by creating protected areas and throughpolicy changes to slow rates of land-use changes suchas clearing. Megagram (Mg)-year (also known as`ton-year') accounting provides a mechanism forexpressing the benefits of activities such as these ona consistent basis. One can calculate the atmosphericload of each GHG that will be present in each year,expressed as C in the form of CO2 and itsinstantaneous impact equivalent contributed by othergases. The atmospheric load of CO2-equivalent Cpresent over a time horizon is a possible indicator ofthe climatic impact of the emission that placed thisload in the atmosphere. Conversely, this index alsoprovides a measure of the benefit of notproducing the emission. One accounting methodcompares sequestered CO2 in trees with theCO2 that would be in the atmosphere had thesequestration project not been undertaken, whileanother method (used in this paper) compares theatmospheric load of C (or equivalent in non-CO2GHGs) in both project and no-project scenarios.Time preference, expressed by means of a discount rateon C, can be applied to Mg-year equivalencecalculations to allow societal decisions regarding thevalue of time to be integrated into the system forcalculating global warming impacts and benefits. Giving a high value to time, either by raising thediscount rate or by shortening the time horizon,increases the value attributed to temporarysequestration (such as many forest plantationprojects). A high value for time also favorsmitigation measures that have rapid effects (such asslowing deforestation rates) as compared to measuresthat only affect emissions years in the future (suchas creating protected areas in countries with largeareas of remaining forest). Decisions on temporalissues will guide mitigation efforts towards optionsthat may or may not be desirable on the basis ofsocial and environmental effects in spheres other thanglobal warming. How sustainable development criteriaare incorporated into the approval and creditingsystems for activities under the Kyoto Protocol willdetermine the overall environmental and social impactsof pending decisions on temporal issues. 相似文献
667.
Schaeffer Roberto Logan Jeffrey Szklo Alexandre Salem Chandler William de Souza Marques João Carlos 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2001,6(1):47-69
This study analyzes the options for meeting power demand in the Brazilianpower sector through the year 2015. Three policy cases are constructedto test economic and environmental policy measures against a baseline:advanced technologies scenario, environmental control scenario and carbon(C) elimination scenario. Least-cost modeling simulated these scenarios throughchanges in emissions fees and caps, costs for advanced technologies,demand side efficiency, and clean energy supplies. Results show that, in theabsence of alternative policies, new additions to Brazil's electric powersector will shift rapidly from hydroelectricity to combined-cycle natural gasplants. When the cost of environmental impacts are incorporated in theprice of power, the least-cost mix of electric power generation technologycould change in other ways. In all scenarios, energy efficiency andcogeneration play an important role in the least-cost power solution. Savingelectricity through increased efficiency offsets the needs for new supply andhas enormous potential in Brazil's industrial sector. Efficiency also reducesthe environmental burden associated with electricity production andtransmission, without compromising the quality of the services demandedby end users. Interesting enough, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will remainrelatively low under almost every conceivable scenario. 相似文献
668.
669.
介绍用活性炭和天然锰砂作反应剂交互作用处理镀水的研究,实验结果表明,活性炭:天少=2:3,加鼓氧,静置后过滤,废水处理效率更好,Zn^2+的去除率达99.8%,Fe^3+去除率达99.6%,废水PH值上升到6.0达到国家废水排放标准。 相似文献
670.
利用毛细管气相色谱法测定水和废水中的丙烯酰胺 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
本文采用毛细管色谱法建立了水和废水中丙烯酰胺的测定程序。以活性炭柱吸附、浓缩样品中的丙烯酰胺,用甲醇洗脱,洗脱液用FID测定。方法回收率为83.1~99.0%,相对标准偏差为5.34%,检出限为0.016mg/L。 相似文献