Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

A new process to improve short-chain fatty acids and bio-methane generation from waste activated sludge

As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS(6.8 times higher than the blank test) and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.     

兰州市工业能源碳排放强度及效应研究

运用容量耦合拓展模型对兰州市2003—2013年环境系统耦合度进行评价,通过核算兰州市2003—2013年各年工业碳排放量,分析了4类工业碳排放强度变化特征,并运用LMDI模型对碳排放效应进行了多维度分解.结果表明,兰州市环境系统总体质量水平较低,环境状态指数和环境耦合度指数较低;兰州市工业碳排放总量逐年递增,碳排放与工业增加值、GDP、人口数量和城市建成区面积等呈显著正相关关系;原煤、原油、焦炭和天然气是兰州市的主要碳源,人均碳强呈显著增长态势,而工业碳强、GDP碳强、地均碳强均呈下降趋势;能源结构效应和人口规模效应在低位值附近波动变化,而能源强度效应和人均经济效应均在高位值附近波动,且后两项指标累积效应显著大于前两项指标,总体发挥正向碳增长效应.     

胜坨油田原油温室气体排放特征及其影响因素

为研究油田开发过程中原油在大气条件下的碳排放特征,完善油气系统潜在温室气体排放清单,以胜利油田典型区块——胜坨油田原油为研究对象,通过改进的静态室-气相色谱及质谱法对原油在大气条件下的自然脱气(排放)过程进行模拟试验研究. 结果表明:CH₄和CO₂是胜坨油田原油溶解气中的两种主要温室气体;将模拟时间(48 h)均分为4个时段,CH₄、CO₂的主要排放阶段为0~12 h,并且其排放量远高于>12~24、>24~36和>36~48 h,其中,不同温度下CH₄、CO₂的最大排放率均出现在0~2 h. 原油在空气中暴露时间的长短及所处大气温度的高低直接影响温室气体的累积排放,CH₄、CO₂的累积排放量均随模拟试验的进行而递增;原油所处环境温度越高,累积排放量越大,3 ℃时CH₄、CO₂的累积排放量分别为12.498、15.071 g/m3,13 ℃时为20.626、21.004 g/m3,27 ℃时为31.353、26.954 g/m3. CH₄、CO₂在不同温度下的相对排放量存在差异,表现为低温(3、13 ℃)条件下CH₄排放量低于CO₂,相对高温(27 ℃)条件下表现相反. 研究显示,原油所处大气环境的温度及暴露时间是影响原油温室气体排放的重要因素.      

排水造林对小兴安岭湿地土壤溶解性有机碳生物降解和淋溶的影响

以小兴安岭湿地为研究对象,分析了不同年代排水造林的森林沼泽湿地土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量变化及生物降解特征,探讨了排水造林时间对土壤DOC及无机氮(NH+4-N+NO-3-N)淋溶动态变化的影响.结果表明:1排水造林时间对土壤DOC含量变化影响显著(p0.05).2003年(PS03)、1992年(PS92)、1985年(PS85)排水造林后的人工兴安落叶松湿地土壤DOC含量均低于未排水造林的天然兴安落叶松苔草湿地(XATC),且排水造林时间越长,土壤DOC含量越少.2在生物降解过程中,土壤DOC的变化趋势表现为初期降解速率较快,而后逐渐减慢并趋于稳定.其中周转时间为1 d的易降解DOC所占比重表现为:PS92XATCPS03PS85,表明排水时间达到一定阈值后,易降解DOC部分可能会转化为难降解部分.3在淋溶过程中,随着淋溶次数的增加,淋出液中DOC含量呈现为先增加后减小的趋势,淋溶1 d后,不同年代排水造林的森林沼泽湿地土壤DOC的淋失率表现为:PS85PS92PS03XATC,表明排水造林时间越长,土壤DOC淋失率越大,因此长时间的排水造林改造可能进一步影响土壤养分的贮量及其有效性.     

中国碳排放强度影响因素对区域差异的作用分析

根据IPCC方法计算得到1995—2012年中国各省市碳排放数据,表明从1995年开始,我国各省市的碳排放强度整体上呈现南低北高,东低西高的分布格局,并有逐渐下降的趋势.区域间碳排放强度的基尼系数、Theil系数、对数离差均值的计算结果表明碳排放强度在各省市自治区间存在明显差异,并且差异随着时间逐渐增大.为了进一步分析碳排放强度差异的影响因素,我们建立了碳排放强度的回归方程,并采用夏普里值分解法进行影响因素的分解分析.整体上可以看出经济发展水平对碳排放强度差异的贡献值最大,而且随着时间推移其对碳排放强度差异的作用逐渐加强.其次是产业结构和能源结构,贡献值分别为18.91%和26.76%,对碳排放强度差异的贡献值随着时间逐渐减少,作用也逐渐弱化.最后是城市化水平(贡献值为~(-1).65%),仅在一定程度上能够降低碳排放强度的差异.进一步采用第三产业占比表示产业结构,石油占比表示能源结构进行分析,发现它们与碳排放强度变为反向关系.即一个地区的第三产业比重高,在能源结构中油的比重大,煤炭比重小,碳排放强度相比于其他地区则低.由此可见,石油比重的区域差异是影响碳强度差异的一个主要原因.因此,提升碳排放强度高的地区的石油以及低碳能源可以缩减区域间的碳排放差异.本文的研究对合理、公平的碳减排政策的制定,鼓励各省市自治区积极参加碳减排活动有着积极的意义.     

航空器碳排放扩散模型研究及减碳效果分析

探索、研究有效的机场减碳方法,对我国民用机场的绿色可持续发展、改善机场周边大气环境等具有十分重要的现实意义和长远意义。文章首先分析机场内碳排放源头,研究根据机场内碳排放污染物的特点,结合高斯高价连续点源扩散模式,推导分析航空器在近地面的扩散公式;其次采用不同的下滑角在3°下滑角和4°下滑角下,比较分析碳排放当量值和一氧化碳扩散分布情况并分析整体碳排放量变化趋势,研究监测点或敏感点浓度值等值线分布特点、占标率变化和影响范围等指标,分析浓度值对周边社区居民的影响程度;计算结果表明,增大下滑角可以有效地减少碳排放量。     

基于Miseq测序与碳平衡的生物滴滤床降解甲苯研究

在甲苯进气浓度为1 640 mg/m3,进气负荷为198.11 g/(m3·h),系统停留时间(EBRT)为30 s的条件下,生物滴滤床对甲苯的去除率达到84%,去除负荷为166.41 g/(m3·h)。碳平衡计算表明:22.27%的输入碳源为微生物所同化,59.52%的碳以CO2形式排出,仅有2.46%的碳溶于营养液中。在出口气体中,以CO2形式存在的碳占79.08%,其余则以甲苯形式存在。经Miseq-16S rRNA测序平台分析可知,该生物反应器中的优势菌属为假单胞菌、丛毛单胞菌和红球菌属,优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门。其中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门在反应器中所占比例在经过驯化之后显示出相反的变化趋势。     

南海表层海水参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性研究

为揭示南海北部表层海水中参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性及其与环境因子的关系,本研究以卡尔文循环中的关键酶核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubis CO)的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型基因(cbbL、cbbM)作为分子标记,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对海水中的固碳基因多样性进行分析,并结合多元统计分析的方法,探讨了固碳基因多样性与环境因子的关系.结果显示,在南海北部表层海水中,含cbbL基因固碳基因主要归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中,优势亚群分别是γ-变形菌亚门(45.3%)、蓝细菌(30.9%)和β-变形杆菌亚门(23.8%);而含cbbM基因的固碳菌群未检测到;近岸的A9站位与其他站位物种组成有一定的差异,异着色菌属(Allochromatium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫单胞菌属(Thiohalomonas)为其特有菌属.相关性和冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,含cbbL基因的固碳基因丰度与水温、盐度呈显著负相关(p0.01),与硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐呈显著正相关(p0.01).     

Efficient treatment of azo dye containing wastewater in a hybrid acidogenic bioreactor stimulated by biocatalyzed electrolysis

In this study, a novel scaled-up hybrid acidogenic bioreactor(HAB) was designed and adopted to evaluate the performance of azo dye(acid red G, ARG) containing wastewater treatment. Principally, HAB is an acidogenic bioreactor coupled with a biocatalyzed electrolysis module. The effects of hydraulic retention time(HRT) and ARG loading rate on the performance of HAB were investigated. In addition, the influent was switched from synthetic wastewater to domestic wastewater to examine the key parameters for the application of HAB. The results showed that the introduction of the biocatalyzed electrolysis module could enhance anoxic decolorization and COD(chemical oxygen demand) removal. The combined process of HAB-CASS presented superior performance compared to a control system without biocatalyzed electrolysis(AB-CASS). When the influent was switched to domestic wastewater, with an environment having more balanced nutrients and diverse organic matters, the ARG, COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies of HAB-CASS were further improved, reaching 73.3% ± 2.5%, 86.2% ± 3.8% and 93.5% ± 1.6% at HRT of 6 hr, respectively, which were much higher than those of AB-CASS(61.1% ± 4.7%,75.4% ± 5.0% and 82.1% ± 2.1%, respectively). Moreover, larger TCV/TV(total cathode volume/total volume) for HAB led to higher current and ARG removal. The ARG removal efficiency and current at TCV/TV of 0.15 were 39.2% ± 3.7% and 28.30 ± 1.48 m A,respectively. They were significantly increased to 62.1% ± 2.0% and 34.55 ± 0.83 m A at TCV/TV of 0.25. These results show that HAB system could be used to effectively treat real wastewater.