含雄黄的中成药中砷的生物可给性及其初步风险评价

为研究含雄黄中成药中砷的含量状况,探明其中砷对人体的健康风险,选取含雄黄的中成药为研究对象,分析其中砷含量;通过人工胃肠体外模拟系统研究中成药中砷的生物可给性,并在此基础上进行初步的人体健康风险评价。结果显示,含雄黄中成药样品中砷全量为9.9×102～8.8×104mg·kg-1。中成药砷的生物可给性在胃阶段为0.20%～2.17%,小肠阶段为0.26%～2.43%。以WHO每日允许摄入量(ADI)为标准的健康风险评价结果表明,若以砷全量衡量,所有含雄黄中成药均对人体健康具有巨大风险;若以小肠阶段可给砷含量评价,砷日摄入量与ADI比值范围为1.48%～879.68%,约70%含雄黄的中成药的可给砷含量仍足以威胁人体健康。     

响应面法建立不同经口介质中邻苯二甲酸酯生物有效性预测模型及相关因素

运用响应面法对不同消化基质下邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)生物有效性的相关因素进行筛选建立预测模型,并对主要因素设定值进行分析.研究表明,3种模型中因变量与自变量之间的相关性较好(土壤:R2=0.959;农作物及植物:R2=0.973;脂肪:R2=0.862),模型拟合度较高.通过多次试验模拟,初步认为在土壤消化基质中,设置人体摄入PAEs经口摄入浓度为10μg·g-1,基质质量为0.4g,pH值约为7时,生物吸收量最高.在植物源基质下,污染物浓度在10—11μg·g-1,消化时间在6—7h,基质质量为0.4g为生物吸收量最高.脂肪源中,基质质量在0.4g,污染物浓度在10μg·g-1,脂肪量在10%—11%时,PAEs生物吸收量最高.研究通过重复试验,充分体现了该模型的准确性,及设定条件的可靠性.但本研究仅考虑摄入介质相对单一,污染物化合形态等未在考虑范围内,在后期研究中将补充试验.     

污染场地土壤中Cd人体可给性影响因素及对筛选值的影响

采用Unified bioaccessibility model (UBM) 模拟胃肠消化的方法测试了来自湖南、广西和大连12个污染土壤样品中Cd的人体可给性.结果显示,Cd在胃提取阶段的可给性为12.24%~81.10%,平均值为53.60%,肠提取阶段的可给性为2.01%~43.30%,平均值为19.74%.胃提取阶段的可给性浓度仅与总镉(TCd) (P<0.000, n=12)和总锰(TMn) (P=0.04, n=12)显著正相关,肠提取阶段的可给性浓度与TCd (P<0.001, n=12)、胃阶段Cd的可给性浓度(P<0.001, n=12)以及TMn(P=0.05, n=12)均显著正相关.胃阶段基于土壤中TCd和TP含量能较好的预测Cd在胃阶段的可给性浓度,模型决定系数(R2)达到0.992,肠阶段基于Cd在胃阶段的可给性浓度及土壤pH值能较好的预测其在肠阶段的可给性浓度,R2达到0.999.考虑土壤中Cd在胃中的可给性时,居住及工商业情形下土壤筛选值分别提升至未考虑可给性时的1.8倍(以可给性平均值计算)和1.2倍(以可给性最大值计算).考虑土壤中Cd在肠阶段的可给性时,居住及工商业情形下土壤筛选值分别提升至未考虑可给性时的5.0倍(以可给性平均值计算)和2.3倍(以可给性最大值计算).     

老化土壤中As的人体可给性控制因素及健康风险

采用UBM(unified bioaccessibility model)模拟胃肠消化的方法测试了来自湖南省、广西壮族自治区和大连市的13个不同理化参数污染土壤中As的人体可给性,分析了考虑As人体可给性对风险评估结果的影响. 结果表明:①供试土壤样品模拟胃提取阶段As的人体可给性因子为3.9%~49.5%,平均值为19.6%;模拟肠提取阶段的人体可给性因子为1.2%~10.8%,平均值为6.0%,前者是后者的1.2~9.1倍. ②影响供试土壤样品胃提取阶段As人体可给性浓度的最显著性因素是w(TAs)(R2=0.94,P<0.01,n=13),其次为w(TP)(R2=0.82,P<0.01,n=13)和w(TMn)(R2=0.79,P<0.01,n=13);影响肠提取阶段As人体可给性浓度的显著因素依次为土壤w(TAs)(R2=0.83,P<0.01,n=13)、w(TP)(R2=0.80,P<0.01,n=13)、胃提取阶段As的人体可给性浓度(R2=0.76,P<0.01,n=13)、pH(R2=0.74,P<0.01,n=13)、w(TMn)(R2=0.65,P<0.02,n=13)以及w(TOM)(TOM为有机质)(R2=0.59,P<0.04,n=13). ③基于土壤w(TAs)和w(黏粒)构建的模型能较好地预测As在胃提取阶段的人体可给性浓度,预测值与实测值的R2达到0.97,ME(平均误差)、RMSE(均方根误差)、r_p2(可决系数)分别为0.02、0.17、0.95;仅基于土壤w(TAs)构建的模型能较好地预测As在肠提取阶段的人体可给性浓度,R2达到0.90,ME、RMSE、r_p2分别为-0.03、0.26、0.80. ④以供试土壤样品中w(TAs)为暴露浓度计算的健康风险分别是考虑As在胃及肠提取阶段人体可给性因子的2.0~15.0和7.3~81.0倍. 可见,基于土壤w(TAs)所制定的风险管理对策可能过于保守.      

Optimization of an in vitro method to measure the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust using response surface methodology

To more reasonably evaluate human intake of PBDEs via dust ingestion, bioaccessibility should be taken into account. Previously, we developed an in vitro method to determine the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in food. Here, this method was adapted to determine the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in dust and the digestion conditions that influenced the bioaccessibility of PBDEs were optimized. The digestion conditions included the incubation time of dust in the intestinal digestion solution (T), the bile concentration in the intestinal digestion solution (C_bile), and the ratio of the volume of the intestinal digestion solution to dust (R). The influence of the concentrations of individual PBDE congeners (C_PBDE) on the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was also investigated. Central composite design was used to build an experimental model and set experimental parameters, and response surface methodology was used to analyze the obtained data. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of PBDEs increased with the increases of C_bile and R, and was independent of T and C_PBDE. Under the digestion conditions with C_bile and R being at 4.0-7.0 g/L and 150-250, respectively, the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in the method-dust varied from 39.2% to 72.8%, which were comparable with the bioaccessibility or bioavailability of PBDEs in dust/soil in the literature. Thus, the in vitro method to measure the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in dust was established and validated. Finally, the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in four natural dust samples, which ranged from 36.1% to 43.3%, were determined using the adapted method.     

Determination of total and bioaccessible metals in airborne particulate matter from an urban and a rural area at Sarajevo

Airborne particulate matter of up to 10 µm collected at an urban and a rural area at Sarajevo in 2013 and 2014 was acid digested for determination of total concentrations or extracted with synthetic gastric juice for the bioaccessible fractions of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn and determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The total concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and V were higher at the urban site, while those of Cd, Ni, and Zn were virtually equal at both sites. The average bioaccessible fractions exhibited the following trend at both sites: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr > V > Ni > Cd. Enrichment factors and daily intake of metals by inhalation were calculated.     

基于生物可利用性的砷污染土壤修复目标值研究

采用IVG(In Vitro Gastrointestinal)和UBM(Unified BARGE Method)两种体外试验方法,研究了湖北省某一砷污染地块的潮土中,砷在不同浓度梯度和深度梯度下的生物可利用性.结果表明,砷在胃相中的生物可利用性为4.50%～26.41%,在小肠中的生物可利用性为3.95%～22.39%.同时,采用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析方法探究了人体胃肠可吸收砷的可能来源,发现人体胃肠可吸收利用的砷与土壤中非专性吸附态、专性吸附态、无定形和弱结晶铁铝氧化物结合态砷有显著相关性.通过构建土壤中砷生物可给态浓度的多元线性回归方程,发现土壤pH、总砷含量及砂粒含量是砷生物可给态浓度的主要预测因子.将概率累积分析法获取的地块土壤砷背景浓度上限值与湖北省土壤背景值、GB36600中附录A中潮土砷的背景值进行比较,推导出该地块基于生物可利用性的土壤砷背景浓度上限值为113 mg·kg^-1,结合该地块今后规划为生态保护绿地,可将土壤砷背景浓度上限值作为地块修复目标值制定的参考,在一定程度上可以避免修复目标值过严导致修复成本过高的问题.     

小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响(Effects of Dry and Fresh States of Brassica chinensis on the Oral Bioaccessibility of Lead)

为了研究小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响,设置了对照(不添加铅,本底值为32.37mg·kg-1)、300mg·kg-1和500mg·kg-13种土壤铅浓度处理的盆栽实验,并将收获的小白菜分别以干样和鲜样进行基于生理学的invitro人工胃肠模拟实验,测定其中铅的生物可给性.结果表明:栽种2个月后,小白菜铅含量分别达到0.38mg·kg-1、4.55mg·kg-1和12.50mg·kg-1(干重),对铅的富集系数分别为0.012、0.015和0.025,可能存在较高的健康风险.invitro实验表明:样品干鲜状态、铅浓度处理以及二者的交互效应是影响铅的生物可给性的重要因素.无论干样还是鲜样,铅在胃阶段和小肠阶段的溶解态量均随样品铅含量的增加而线性增加;对于同一铅浓度处理,鲜样中铅的生物可给性无论在胃阶段还是小肠阶段均显著高于干样(p<0.01).使用干样进行健康风险评价可能会低估小白菜中的铅对人体的健康风险.     

Metals pollution and human bioaccessibility of topsoils in Grugliasco (Italy)

Polluted soils can present a significant health risk especially in an urban environment. Most current legislation and health risk frameworks are based on pseudototal metal content. However, only a fraction of these concentrations is available for plant and human uptake. The aim of this work was to study the diffuse metal contamination in the soils of a municipality in Northern Italy in terms of: (i) metal availability, and (ii) metal accessibility to the human body and its relationship to soil properties, considering lead, copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Soil metal content was measured simulating availability conditions. Human bioaccessibility was derived from a modified physiologically-based extraction test. The human bioaccessible content was then estimated taking into account the relationships between pseudototal content and selected soil parameters. For the case study, the prediction of human bioaccessibility based on pseudototal content, organic matter and soil texture produced statistically significant models, with r² = 0.60 for Cu, r² = 0.53 for Pb and r² = 0.42 for Zn.     

利用in vitro方法研究不同铁矿对土壤砷生物可给性的影响

为了研究不同铁矿物对土壤砷生物可给性的影响,利用PBET(physiologically based extraction test)、SBRC(solubility bioaccessibility research consortium assay)和IVG(in vitro gastrointestinal extraction)这3种in vitro方法研究水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿对土壤砷在胃与小肠阶段生物可给性的影响以及砷形态转化对砷的生物可给性影响机制.结果表明,添加1%水铁矿时,根据PBET、SBRC和IVG这3种in vitro方法,胃阶段砷的生物可给性分别为2.22%、5.11%和7.43%,小肠阶段砷的生物可给性分别为3.39%、2.33%和6.18%;当投加量提高到2%时,各阶段砷的生物可给性都显著降低(P0.05).3种in vitro方法,在不同铁矿物投加量相同条件下,相比于空白对照组(CK),砷的生物可给性降低幅度大小依次为:水铁矿(F1)针铁矿(G1)赤铁矿(H1)(F2G2H2).3种in vitro方法中可交换态和专属吸附态砷总量(F1+F2)同胃阶段砷的生物可给性呈正相关性,依据PBET、SBRC和IVG法,相关系数分别为r=0.93,P=0.002、r=0.90,P=0.004和r=0.89,P=0.006;F1+F2同小肠阶段砷的生物可给性呈正相关性,PBET和IVG法的相关系数分别为r=0.94,P=0.001和r=0.87,P=0.009,而SBRC法则表现为没有相关性.同样,3种in vitro方法中都表现出无定型铁结合态砷(F3)与胃阶段砷的生物可给性有显著负相关性,而与小肠阶段砷生物可给性则除了SBRC法没有相关性之外,PBET和IVG法都表现出显著负相关性.