Effect of red mud addition on the fractionation and bio-accessibility of Pb,Zn and As in combined contaminated soil

Using soil incubation experiments, the effect of red mud addition on the fractionation and bioaccessibility of Pb, Zn and As in combined contaminated soil was studied. The results showed that red mud addition could significantly decrease the concentration of HOAc-extractable Pb and Zn in soil. Compared with the control, 5% red mud addition could significantly reduce the concentrations of HOAc-extractable Pb and Zn in soil after 1, 2 and 3 months of incubation [62.5, 65.3 and 73.5% decrease (Pb), 56.7, 65.8 and 67.4% decrease (Zn)]. Whereas adding red mud could remarkably increase the concentrations of specific absorbed As and residual As in soil. The result of a simple bioavailability extraction test (SBET) indicated that all treatments with red mud addition markedly reduced the concentration of bioaccessible Zn but increased the concentration of bioaccessible As in soil, while having little effect on the concentration of bioaccessible Pb in soil. After 3 months incubation, all treatments including 1, 2 and 5% red mud addition reduced the concentration of bioaccessible Zn by 53.1–56.7% compared with the control, but increased the concentration of bioaccessible As by 1.81–6.25 times. The results suggested that red mud is an additive with potential for the remediation soil contaminated soil by combinations of heavy metals, although it should be added based on the different heavy metals in the soil. Combined use of red mud and hyperaccumulators to remediate heavy metal contaminated soil needs further study.     

株洲市农田土壤重金属生物可给性及其人体健康风险评估

在我国湖南株洲市采集42个农田土壤样品,利用SBET(simple bioavailability extraction test)方法研究土壤中重金属生物可给性,探讨了其与土壤理化性质之间的关系,并采用目前常用的人体健康风险评估方法,评估了该地区土壤重金属经口腔摄入后对人体的健康风险. 结果表明:研究区土壤中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb总量(以w计)分别为101~407、22.9~139、64.0~2286、5.80~137、0.310~26.4和17.9~691mg/kg,生物可给量(以w计)分别为3.80~38.1、1.96~106、5.06~1516、0.160~53.6、0.140~21.3和10.8~570mg/kg. 不同重金属的生物可给性差异很大,生物可给性平均值为Cd(66.0%)>Pb(59.0%)>Cu(44.9%)>Zn(35.8%)>As(16.9%)>Cr(5.72%). 采用统计学上的显著模型,可通过土壤重金属总量、pH、w(OM)(OM为有机质)和w(TC)(TC为全碳)较好地预测该地区土壤重金属的生物可给量. 儿童的HI(总非致癌风险)和TCR(总致癌风险)均高于成人,HI和TCR平均值分别约为成人的8.0和1.5倍. 用土壤重金属总量评估经口摄入途径的风险高估了实际的人体健康风险,用重金属生物可给性进行调整后风险显著降低,HI和TCR平均值分别降低了71%和74%. 但用生物可给性进行调整后仍有部分采样点的HI或TCR超过风险阈值,需要引起特别关注.      

锡矿山矿区食物中的锑污染及生物可给性研究

在湖南锡矿山锑矿区采集蔬菜类、主食类、肉类、蛋类等9种食物. 结果表明蔬菜类Sb浓度平均值为9.67 mg·kg^-1,主食类及肉类的Sb含量较低,平均浓度分别为0.025 mg·kg^-1和0.40 mg·kg^-1. 胃肠模拟法测得的Sb生物可给性为9.0%~57.7%,其中蔬菜中Sb生物可给性显著低于主食类及肉类. 生物可给性与食物中Fe含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.75,p=0.02),还与食物的植酸、草酸含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.95,p=0.01;r=-0.77,p=0.016). 根据锡矿山周边居民各类膳食的摄入量进行健康风险评估,以食物中的Sb总浓度计算暴露风险时,居民每日经由食物摄入的Sb总量达10227.01 ng·kg^-1·d^-1,经生物可给性矫正后下降为1807.02 ng·kg^-1·d^-1,但仍高于USEPA建议的400 ng·kg^-1·d^-1的参考剂量. 说明矿区经由Sb污染食物暴露依然存在健康风险,且考虑生物可给性对准确评价暴露风险至关重要.     

应用体外胃肠模拟法研究土壤中多氯联苯的生物有效性

采用体外胃肠模拟法,研究了土壤中多氯联苯的生物有效性.研究结果表明,PCBs在模拟胃液中的生物有效性为3.36%-12.48%,肠液中的生物有效性为34.62%-58.90%.胃肠液的pH值、消化时间及液固比均会影响其生物有效性:pH在中性时的生物有效性显著高于酸性条件下,消化时间的延长和液固比的增加均会使生物有效性增...     

土壤重金属生物可利用性影响因素及模型预测

我国土壤环境污染形势严峻,在生物有效性(bioavailability)的测试评估和预测模型等方面的研究相对较少,导致不能精确地评估污染土壤的生态风险.作为生物有效性的重要反映指标,对土壤中镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和铅(Pb)的生物可利用性(bioaccessibility)进行研究.筛选了已发表论文中生物可利用性与所对应的土壤性质的数据,并分析了它们之间的潜在关系,总结了现有的土壤重金属生物可利用性的测试方法,探究了生物可利用性含量与测试方法以及生物有效性含量之间的影响规律,并建立了生物可利用性含量的回归预测模型.结果表明,生物可利用性含量与重金属总含量间呈极显著(P<0.01)的正相关关系,与土壤pH相关性显著(P<0.05).测试方法的不同对生物可利用性含量有明显的影响,各测试方法测定的生物可利用性含量占比规律为：体外胃肠道模拟>化学试剂提取.各测试方法测定的Cd和Pb的生物可利用性含量占比均较高(均值分别为42.12%和37.33%),说明Cd和Pb较易于被生物体吸收,也应关注由此造成的生态风险.基于生物类型对测试方法进行了分组,以削弱不...     

Estimation of daily intake of potentially toxic elements from urban street dust and the role of oral bioaccessibility testing

The pseudo-total and oral bioaccessible concentration of six potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban street dust was investigated. Typical pseudo-total concentrations across the sampling sites ranged from 4.4 to 8.6 mg kg⁻¹ for As, 0.2-3.6 mg kg⁻¹ for Cd, 25-217 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu, 14-46 mg kg⁻¹ for Ni, 70-4261 mg kg⁻¹ for Pb, and, 111-652 mg kg⁻¹ for Zn. This data compared favourably with other urban street dust samples collected and analysed in a variety of cities globally; the exception was the high level of Pb determined in a specific sample in this study. The oral bioaccessibility of PTEs in street dust is also assessed using in vitro gastrointestinal extraction (Unified Bioaccessibility Method, UBM). Based on a worst case scenario the oral bioaccessibility data estimated that Cd and Zn had the highest % bioaccessible fractions (median >45%) while the other PTEs i.e. As, Cu, Ni and Pb had lower % bioaccessible fractions (median <35%). The pseudo-total and bioaccessible concentrations of PTEs in the samples has been compared to estimated tolerable daily intake values based on unintentional soil/dust consumption. Cadmium, Cu and Ni are well within the oral tolerable daily intake rates. With respect to As and Pb, only the latter exceeds the TDI_oral if we model ingestion rate based on atmospheric ‘dustiness’ rather than the US EPA (2008) unintentional soil/dust consumption rate of 100 mg d⁻¹. We consider it unlikely that even a child with pica tendencies would ingest as much as 100 mg soil/dust during a daily visit to the city centre, and in particular to the sites with elevated Pb concentrations observed in this study.     

Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic, mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city, Nanjing, China

The oral bioaccessibility and the human health risks of As, Hg and other metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Mn, V and Fe) in urban street dusts from different land use districts in Nanjing (a mega-city), China were investigated. Both the total contents and the oral bioaccessibility estimated by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) of the studied elements varied with street dusts from different land use districts. Cd, Zn, Mn, Pb, Hg and As showed high bioaccessibility. SBET-extractable contents of elements were significantly correlated with their total contents and the dust properties (pH, organic matter contents). The carcinogenic risk probability for As and Cr to children and adults were under the acceptable level (<1 × 10⁻⁴). Hazard Quotient values for single elements and Hazard Index values for all studied elements suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children, but not to adults.     

基于生物可给性的某冶炼厂土壤重金属健康风险评价

为科学评价重金属污染场地的人体健康风险,以某冶炼厂土壤为研究对象,采用PBET(Physiologically-Based Extraction Test)和IVG(In-Vitro gastrointestinal)两种方法测定了As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的生物可给性,并对比了只考虑重金属总量与基于生物可给性的人体...