Effect of cobalt-supplemented diets on bioaccumulation,digestive enzyme activities and growth of Cyprinus carpio

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of excess dietary cobalt (Co) on bioaccumulation, digestive enzyme activities, and growth in freshwater Cyprinus carpio. Four isonitrogenous diets (average crude protein: 35%) were formulated to prepare a control diet (T₁) with no Co, and three Co-supplemented diets with 1 (T₂), 1.5 (T₃), or 2 (T₄)% Co. The results showed that C. carpio fed with T₃ diet showed maximal apparent protein digestibility, feed conversion, protein utilization, and growth. Protease and lipase activities were maximal in the fish group given T₃ diet. Accumulation of Co in different soft and hard tissues of fish did not correlate with levels of Co in the diet. The concentration of Co in the water increased with dietary level, being at a disturbing adverse effect level at 2% dietary Co. Evidence indicates that an additional supply of dietary Co up to a level of 1.5% is a viable option to augment growth of C. carpio, but at higher levels of Co it may be detrimental to fish health and the aquatic ecosystem.     

Biokinetic modeling of heavy metals in earthworms

Studies concerning bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of heavy metals like zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) in earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae tissues including integument, gizzard, clitellum, and head region were undertaken. Calculated BCF, predicted K _ow, and predicted K _oc showed a significant correlation between heavy metals in different earthworm tissues, in substrate spiked with heavy metals. The regression coefficient (r ²) between heavy metal uptake concentration and exposure time varied between 0.73 and 0.99, indicating significant correlation. The K _oc was a maximum of 13.9016 in case of Cu and integument at an exposure time of 100 days and a minimum of 0.1114 in case of Cr with respect to head at the same exposure time. Earthworms accumulated heavy metals following chronic exposure to municipal solid waste containing heavy metals. BCF and uptake rate kinetics of heavy metals were calculated and showed increased values in head tissue followed by integument.     

Arsenic bioaccumulation in rice and edible plants and subsequent transmission through food chain in Bengal basin: a review of the perspectives for environmental health

Arsenic (As) is a metalloid that poses serious environmental threats due to its behemoth toxicity and wide abundance. The use of arsenic-contaminated groundwater for irrigation purpose in crop fields elevates arsenic concentration in surface soil and in the plants. In many arsenic-affected countries, including Bangladesh and India, rice is reported to be one of the major sources of arsenic contamination. Rice is much more efficient at accumulating arsenic into the grains than other staple cereal crops. Rice is generally grown in submerged flooded condition, where arsenic bioavailability is high in soil. As arsenic species are phytotoxic, they can also affect the overall production of rice, and can reduce the economic growth of a country. Once the foodstuffs are contaminated with arsenic, this local problem can gain further significance and may become a global problem, as many food products are exported to other countries. Large-scale use of rainwater in irrigation systems, bioremediation by arsenic-resistant organisms and hyperaccumulating plants, and the aerobic cultivation of rice are some possible ways to reduce the extent of bioaccumulation in rice. Investigation on a complete food chain is urgently needed in the arsenic-contaminated zones, which should be our priority in future researches.     

Metals in agricultural soils and plants in Egypt

Since analysis of both soil and plants are useful to assess contamination of a geographic area, concentrations of five representative metals: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and iron (Fe) in soil and associated plants were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Samples were collected from four different Egyptian regions (El-mehala El-kobra, Kafr El-Sheikh, Kafr El-zayat, and Al-fayoum) during spring and summer 2010. Concentrations of the selected metals in agricultural soils were significantly different among locations and seasons. Concentrations of Cd and Fe in soils at the four locations exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for Cd (8 mg/kg, dry mass (dm)) and Fe (1000 mg/kg, dm). Accumulation was different for clover and cotton. Clover blossoms grown in soil from Kafr El-zayat contained the greatest concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Fe. Cotton flowers from El-mehala El-kobra accumulated the highest levels of Cd. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in both clover and cotton flowers from the four locations exceeded maximum allowable concentrations (3 mg/kg, dm) for both Cd and Pb. Using such agricultural soils for cultivation of edible crops for consumption may result in chronic hazards to human health.     

营养盐浓度对中肋骨条藻优势种群富集多溴联苯醚的影响

以中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）和东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）组成中肋骨条藻优势种群的海洋微藻为研究对象,以我国近海水体中存在的3种丰度较高的多溴联苯醚同系物为代表,包括2,4,4＇-三溴联苯醚（BDE-28）、2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚（BDE-47）和2,2＇,4,4＇,5-五溴联苯醚（BDE-99）,研究了硝酸盐浓度（0、128、512μmol·L-1）和磷酸盐浓度（0、8、32μmol·L-1）对中肋骨条藻优势种群生化成分和富集3种多溴联苯醚的影响,分析了中肋骨条藻优势种群对多溴联苯醚的富集量与生化成分的关系。结果表明,随着营养盐浓度的升高,单位藻细胞的富集量呈现降低趋势,硝酸盐浓度为0μmol·L-1时,3种多溴联苯醚同系物每106cells的富集量为3.93-5.01 ng,而硝酸盐浓度为512μmol·L-1时,每106cells富集量为3.53-3.94 ng,降低了10%-23%;不同硝酸盐浓度下单位体积藻液富集量差异较小,随硝酸盐浓度的升高,BDE-99和47富集量分别从0.180和0.179 ng·mL^-1降低到0.167和0.150 ng·mL^-1,BDE-28没有出现明显差异。与硝酸盐相似,多溴联苯醚单位藻细胞富集量也随着磷酸盐浓度的升高而呈现出降低的趋势,每106cells的富集量从磷为0μmol·L-1的3.04-3.28 ng降低到32μmol·L-1时的2.27-2.73 ng;不同磷酸盐浓度下单位体积藻液的富集量差异不显著,其中BDE-99富集量范围在0.188-0.190 ng·mL^-1,随磷酸盐浓度的升高,BDE-47和28富集量略有降低,从0.20 ng·mL^-1降低到约0.16 ng·mL^-1。中肋骨条藻优势种群单位细胞对多溴联苯醚富集随着营养盐浓度的增加而降低,其原因是营养盐浓度影响了其细胞生化成分,其中脂类含量与富集量存在正相关关系。对3种同系物富集量的比较发现,随多溴联苯醚同系物的Kow降低,富集量总体上呈现降低的趋势。     

多溴联苯醚的生物富集效应研究进展

研究污染物的生物富集效应对于预测污染物在生物体内的含量、建立环境标准以及评估污染物的生态风险具有重要的意义.论文结合近年来国内外有关多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的生物富集及其沿食物链(网)生物放大效应的研究文献,对PBDEs的生物富集效应进行了综述.文献计算的生物富集因子(BAFs)、生物-沉积物/土壤生物富集因子(BSAFs)和生物放大因子(BMFs)表明,生物对大多数PBDEs具有生物富集作用,且生物对PBDEs的富集能力与其生物进化等级及其营养级有关.文献计算的营养级放大因子(TMFs)表明,大多数PBDE单体可以在食物网上产生生物放大效应,但只有较少单体具有统计上的显著性.生物的生理生化参数、化合物本身的特性以及环境条件等因素影响了PBDEs在生物体内及食物链(网)上的富集与放大.     

鲍鱼对2种多环芳烃的富集动力学研究

为探究多环芳烃(PAHs)在海洋生物体内富集过程,选择皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)作为受试生物,应用半静态双箱动力学模型,分别考察了3-甲基菲和9,10-甲基蒽2种多环芳烃在皱纹盘鲍体内的富集动力学过程,通过非线性拟合获得鲍鱼对2种多环芳烃的吸收速率常数(K_1)、释放速率常数(K_2)、生物富集因子(BCF),以及平衡状态下鲍鱼体内2种多环芳烃的含量(Cmax)、生物学半衰期(t_(1/2))等动力学参数。结果表明,鲍鱼对9,10-甲基蒽富集动力学参数K_1、K_2、BCF、Cmax、t_(1/2)的平均值分别为4.9437、0.406、13.59、790.03μg·L~(-1)、3.78 d。鲍鱼对3-甲基菲富集动力学参数K_1、K_2、BCF、Cmax、t_(1/2)的平均值分别为2.3023、0.367、5.97、354.37μg·L~(-1)、3.13 d。鲍鱼在不同浓度下对3-甲基菲和9,10-甲基蒽的生物富集过程均符合双箱动力学模型。     

Ludwigia stolonifera for remediation of toxic metals from simulated wastewater

The present study investigated the phytoremediation of simulated wastewater, mimicking wastewater generated by industrial processes containing significant amounts of toxic heavy metal ions. The wetland plant Ludwigia stolonifera was used to study its efficiency in the removal of the three toxic metals Pb, Cd and Cr. Survivability of the plant has been studied in solutions at different concentrations of three metals separately or as a mixture, and the accumulation of these toxic metals for a prolonged period has been evaluated. The plant performed very successful in eliminating Cd, Cr and Pb as single metals of up to 65%, 97% and 99%, respectively, within four days. In addition, the trend of metal uptake revealed negligible dependence on different masses of plant and on various pH-values. L. stolonifera has high potential in eliminating various toxic pollutants from aquatic environments.     

啶氧菌酯对斑马鱼的安全性评价及其生物富集行为研究

啶氧菌酯是一种新型的内吸性杀菌剂,本研究对其水生生物的毒性和累积风险进行了评估。啶氧菌酯原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性试验结果显示,96 h-LC₅₀为0.0509 mg a.i. L^-1。设置0.005 mg L^-1(1/100LC₅₀)和0.05 mg L^-1(1/10LC₅₀)2个浓度8 d生物累积试验。在0.005 mg L^-1组,第8天斑马鱼体内啶氧菌酯浓度达到0.48 mg kg^-1,生物富集系数(BCF_{8 d})缓慢增长到80.00。而在0.05 mg L^-1组,第8天斑马鱼体内的啶氧菌酯浓度为5.27 mg kg^-1,BCF_{8 d}值为99.42。研究表明,啶氧菌酯对斑马鱼为有剧毒,同时具有中等生物累积效应。因此在使用过程中,需要考虑其对水生生物的毒性和水生食物链的放大效应。     

影响不同农作物镉富集系数的土壤因素

农作物的Cd富集系数（BCF）受多种因素影响.为明确田间条件下不同农作物的Cd富集系数特征差异及土壤性质对其影响,分别在我国水稻、小麦和玉米主产区不同污染程度的地块上作物收获期采集土壤和作物籽粒点对点样品,研究水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数特征及土壤性质对不同农作物的Cd富集系数的影响,并通过多元回归方程建立以上农作物Cd富集系数与土壤性质的定量关系.结果表明,在田间土壤中Cd含量范围为0.15~2.66 mg·kg^-1条件下,水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米Cd富集系数的均值分别为0.915、0.155、0.113和0.102,水稻明显高于小麦和玉米,春玉米的Cd富集系数最低.土壤中的Cd含量与小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质（SOM）与小麦、夏玉米BCF之间的关系呈极显著负相关;土壤pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）对作物BCF也有影响.引入土壤Cd含量、pH、SOM、CEC等因素,建立水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数预测方程.水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF预测方程相关系数分别为0.423^*、0.796^**、0.826^**和0.551^**,均达到显著或极显著水平,可以较好地预测不同土壤条件下不同农作物的BCF值.