降雨对农家堆肥氮磷流失的影响及其面源污染风险分析

采用原位研究方法,经过历时120 d的农家堆肥试验,对比分析了秸秆、棚膜、土层、裸露等4种覆盖堆肥方式中,降雨对总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、总磷和可溶性磷径流流失的影响及其面源污染风险.结果表明,各种覆盖方式的堆肥随着堆肥的腐熟和径流的增加,氮素、磷素的径流流失浓度逐渐降低,其中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮浓度随时间的变化符合一级动力学方程,而总磷、可溶性磷符合直线方程.从各处理趋势来看,各种氮磷养分径流流失浓度与流失强度表现为无覆盖>秸秆覆盖>土层覆盖>棚膜覆盖.棚膜覆盖堆肥对面源污染的风险较小,可以作为改善农村环境卫生、控制氮磷流失的堆肥方法.     

污泥堆肥农用效应研究

污泥是污水处理厂剩余物,随着社会的发展,污泥处置将成为一个潜在问题。污泥因其含有大量有机质和氮磷钾等营养成分,是非常值得利用的肥源。以西南科技大学污水处理厂污泥为研究对象。开展了污泥堆肥应用效应的研究。采用大田分区试验的方法,研究了西南科技大学污水厂污泥堆肥土地利用中作物的生长状况。结果表明：污泥堆肥用于作物种植,具有非常好的肥效,不仅能提高作物产量。并且在品质各方面均高于对照,使几种作物表现出高于空白对照的生长状况：不同处理施肥量下,作物生长状况为污泥堆肥＋化肥〉污泥堆肥〉化肥〉空白对照。因此,污泥堆肥供肥潜力大,是一种值得合理利用的肥源。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的变化

利用实际城市生活垃圾,采用工厂化工艺进行堆肥试验,探讨在堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的动态变化.结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,有机碳、富里酸、全氮、酸水解性有机氮含量均有不同程度的降低,与堆肥前相比,降低幅度分别为53.00%、64.73%、21.78%、22.80%.而腐殖质、胡敏酸、氨基酸态氮则分别在堆肥的第35d达到最低点,而后呈逐渐增加的趋势.酰胺态氮、氨基糖态氮在堆肥的第21d达到最高峰.堆肥过程中,腐殖质与胡敏酸、酸水解有机态氮与全氮含量显著相关.胡敏酸的红外光谱分析结果表明,堆肥后胡敏酸分子的芳构化程度明显增强.     

堆肥厂运行管理的模糊数学评价

文章采用模糊数学评价法评价堆肥厂的运行管理状况,既克服了单、少指标评价的片面性,反映了堆肥厂运行状况评价的多因素、多变量和多层次的特点,又体现了堆肥厂运行状况评价的模糊性。     

Heavy Metal Availability in Soil Amended with Composted Urban Solid Wastes

A study was performed to evaluate the pH and the availability of Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Ni in soil amended with increasing doses of composted solid wastes, collected in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State and in Coimbra, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The influence of the time elapsed between compost application to the soil and the sampling of the plant growth substrate (soil + compost) for pH and metal availability analyses was also examined. The availability of heavy metals in the soil, in the compost and in the substrate was evaluated using DTPA solution for metal extraction. The increase of the compost doses added to the soil resulted in the increase of the pH in the substrate. The addition of the compost from the bigger city, Rio de Janeiro, resulted in higher increase in soil pH and available Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni levels as compared to the addition of the compost from the smaller city, Coimbra. Increasing the time elapsed between the compost application to the soil and the sampling of the mixture resulted in higher available Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb levels. The addition of the compost from Rio de Janeiro resulted in substrate metal concentrations in the order Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mn and for the Coimbra compost the metal concentrations in the substrate was Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Mn. The higher values of pH and available metals obtained for the bigger city were attributed to the greatest metal contamination of its compost.     

奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程气体排放规律及养分损失原位监测

为探究奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气(NH3)排放规律及养分损失情况,采用原位监测的方法,通过静态采气箱和气体在线监测设备,分别对奶牛粪便翻堆式和槽式堆体开展为期36 d的气体监测.结果表明,翻堆式堆肥过程中甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和NH3排放主要集中于翻堆阶段;槽式堆肥过程中CH4和NH3排放...     

建筑弃土与污泥堆肥混合配制营养土对园林植物的影响

使用建筑弃土与污泥堆肥配制营养土并应用于园林绿化。以凤仙花为研究对象,通过盆栽实验观察和对比分析了凤仙花从播种到开花整个生命过程的生长指标,并对其结果进行模糊评价。结果表明,凤仙花播种期和生长期各生长指标随着营养土中堆肥含量的增加而增加,并在堆肥施用量30%时达到最佳;营养土中的重金属对凤仙花的生长速度有抑制效应,主要集中在播种期和生长期初期,随着凤仙花的生长成熟,重金属的胁迫效应持续减少,并在成熟期显著降低,重金属对凤仙花地表部分的抑制更为明显;建筑弃土与污泥堆肥配制的营养土对园林植物营养效果良好,成熟期的凤仙花生物量大幅度增加,最大增幅550%;通过模糊评价并综合考虑配置方案,最佳堆肥施用量为30%。     

Degradation characteristics of metribuzin in soils within the Nzoia River Drainage Basin,Kenya

Metribuzin, a triazinone herbicide, is heavily used within the expansive Nzoia River Drainage Basin in Kenya for the optimization of sugarcane yields. For field experiments, soils were spiked with metribuzin and amended with filter mud compost and Tithonia diversifolia leaves. Soils with history of metribuzin application (48 months) were also spiked with metribuzin but not amended with the organic materials. Degradation of metribuzin for the three variants was followed for a period of 102 days. Repeated exposure of metribuzin to soil and addition of filter mud compost to soil enhances the degradation of metribuzin with half dissipation times of 31 and 25 days. In soil amended with Tithonia diversfolia leaves, the half dissipation time was 32 days while in the control (unamended non history soil), it was 36 days. Laboratory studies showed that soil sterilization slowed the degradation of metribuzin, with a half dissipation time of 154 days. This confirmed that metribuzin was biochemically degraded in soil by an adapted community of microbes.     

城市固体废弃物堆肥工艺条件试验研究

利用城市污水厂污泥、生活垃圾及粉煤灰进行堆肥试验研究 ,通过对 4组配比试验结果分析 ,合适的污泥、垃圾和粉煤灰堆肥配合比为 4∶5∶1,并对试验结果进行了讨论     

属性识别理论在综合评价城市污泥堆肥腐熟度中的应用

基于属性识别理论,以含水率、挥发固体、粪大肠菌值、发芽指数作为腐熟程度的判别指标体系,并根据信息熵客观计算权重,建立属性识别模型,并用此模型综合评价城市污泥堆肥的腐熟度.实例应用表明,属性识别理论应用于污泥堆肥腐熟度的评价是可行的,而且评价结果比较合理.