污泥仓式堆肥工艺和进出仓系统技术概述

介绍了污泥仓式堆肥工艺、进出仓系统的定义、分类与功能实现,分别阐述了进仓系统(装载机、容器式、螺旋式、皮带式)和出仓系统技术(装载机、刮板式、皮带式)的原理、主要优缺点、适用条件,以及进出仓系统存在的问题,并提出自动进出仓是该技术的发展方向。     

好氧堆肥中不同吸附料对氨吸附效果及堆肥性质的影响

采用0.18%磷酸氢钾、0.06%磷酸氢钾+15%锯末屑混合物和30%锯末屑3种材料作为氨的吸附剂加入堆肥进行研究.实验结果表明,3种吸附料对氨的挥发都有抑制作用,其中0.18%磷酸氢钾的吸附作用最强,0.06%磷酸氢钾+15%锯末屑混合吸附料的作用次之,30%锯末屑的吸附作用最低.三者TN的损失率分别降低25%、23%和17%.但是,采用0.18%磷酸氢钾会因磷酸氢钾过量对堆肥性质产生负面影响,包括降低堆料中pH值,影响微生物活性,最终影响有机质降解率.相比较而言,采用0.06%磷酸氢钾+15%锯末屑混合吸附料效果很好,对氨吸附量高,促进有机质降解率提高7%.     

降解菌对堆肥中多环芳烃降解作用的研究

通过在堆肥中加入经过驯化的降解菌这种土壤有机污染生物修复技术 ,对堆肥中多环芳烃的浓度变化进行监测 ,从而了解降解菌对堆肥中多环芳烃的降解作用。实验结果表明 ,降解菌的加入能明显地提高多环芳烃的降解率 ,本次实验中 ,菲、芴的去除率提高了 2 5 %左右 ,芘的去除率提高了约 4 5 %。     

Phytoavailability and Fractions of Iron and Manganese in Calcareous Soil Amended with Composted Urban Wastes

Little is known about the effects of applying composted urban wastes on the phytoavailability and distribution of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) among chemical fractions in soil. In order to study this concern several experiments in pots containing calcareous soil were carried out. The received treatments by adding separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha^?1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and/or municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW-SS) co-compost. The cropping sequence was a lettuce crop followed by a barley crop. It was observed that treatments amended with composted urban wastes tended to promote slight increases in lettuce yield compared to the control. The highest Fe levels in lettuce were found when higher rates of MSW-SS co-compost were applied; these values were significant compared to those obtained in the other treatments. In all cases, the application of organic materials increased the concentration and uptake of Mn in lettuce compared to the control; however, these increases were significant only when higher rates of MSW compost were applied. The organic amendments had beneficial delayed effects on barley yields, showing, in most cases, significant increases compared to the control. In this context, treatments with MSW compost were found to be more effective than the equivalent treatments amended with MSW-SS co-compost. Compared to the control, composted urban wastes increased Fe concentration in straw and rachis, and decreased Fe concentration in barley grain. Similarly, a decreased concentration of Mn in the dry matter of barley crop grown in soils treated with composted urban wastes was observed.     

Respirometric testing method for biodegradability of xenobiotics using compost

Abstract

A simple, accurate automated respirometer is proposed to be used for testing the biodegradability of various xenobiotics. Compost is used as a source for microorganisms. The basic principle of the respirometer is that all oxygen consumed by the microorganisms is replaced by an equal amount of oxygen produced in an electrolytic cell which is plotted against time in a registration unit.

The proposed method is illustrated with pentachlorophenol as xenobiotic compound.

The advantages of this respirometer over other common equipment is briefly discussed.     

一组可抗抗生素干扰的木质纤维素分解菌复合系ADC-6的筛选

以高温期堆肥样为菌源,在含0.025 mg·mL-1四环素的培养基内以秸秆作为唯一碳源,经多代驯化筛选到一组能够分解木质纤维素和抗生素的ADC-6复合系.该复合系能够在6 d内分解四环素0.0194 mg,在14 d内使稻秆减重32%.ADC-6纤维素内切酶酶活、半纤维素酶活、总纤维素酶活在第4 d、2 d和2 d达到最大值分别为15.85 U·mL-1、62.97 U·mL-1和15.56 U·mL-1.用变性梯度凝胶电泳检测驯化过程中菌种的动态变化,并用克隆文库对稳定阶段的菌种多样性分析,发现该菌群中含Bacteroidetes、Sphingobacteriales、Bacillaceae、Clostridiales和Proteobacteria等5个属的微生物,其中,Clostridiales对木质纤维素的转化能力较强,很可能是菌群中分解木质纤维素的关键菌,而Bacteroidetes很可能是分解抗生素的关键菌.     

复合菌剂秸秆堆肥对土壤碳氮含量和酶活性的影响

秸秆资源化利用对于农业环境保护和可持续农业发展具有重要意义.利用实验室分离获得的15株高效纤维素降解菌,筛选出可有效降解秸秆的复合菌剂JFB-1,研究了复合菌剂秸秆堆肥对土壤碳氮含量和酶活性的影响.结果表明,接种该复合菌剂能将秸秆堆肥的单个发酵周期缩短1~2 d,堆肥中有机质含量达到403.5~515.1 g·kg-1,C/N比降低至15.30~10.53.盆栽试验发现,施用水稻秸秆堆肥的效果总体好于相应的芦笋秸秆堆肥.与水稻秸秆对照堆肥比较,施用复合菌剂处理的水稻秸秆堆肥150 g·kg-1时,土壤中有机质和全氮含量分别提高33.5%和7.3%,土壤脲酶和纤维素酶活性分别提高16.7%和30.8%;与不施肥处理比较,施用秸秆堆肥可改善土壤微生物群落结构,增加微生物多样性指数.当施用复合菌剂处理的水稻秸秆堆肥100 g·kg-1时,栽培30 d的普通白菜生物量比水稻秸秆对照堆肥提高46.4%,表明复合菌剂JFB-1在秸秆堆肥中具有很大的应用潜力.     

板栗产区有机堆肥产物磷形态特征及其对叶片磷含量的影响

采用Dou的磷形态分级方法和大田试验,研究了板栗产区栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-秸秆-鸡粪混合堆肥(BYZ)、菌渣鸡粪堆肥(ZF)、栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-鸡粪堆肥(BZ1和BZ2)这4种有机物料中的磷形态特征及其对结果枝叶片磷含量的影响.结果表明:1 4种有机堆肥产物全磷含量表现为:BZ1(10.61 g·kg-1)ZF(9.03 g·kg-1)BYZ(8.56 g·kg-1)BZ2(7.68 g·kg-1),并均以无机磷为主,无机磷占全磷的比例在62.88%~73.62%之间;2 4种有机堆肥产物各形态总磷中除ZF以较稳定的HClP含量及其占回收全磷(Prt)比例最高以外,其他3种均以活性的H_2O-P含量及其占回收全磷(Prt)比例最高,Na OH-P含量均较低;3各形态中的无机磷以活性的H_2O-Pi或Na HCO3-Pi占形态总磷的比例最高(89.17%~96.00%),且在回收全磷中BZ2中的无机磷主要分布在H_2O-Pi和HCl-Pi,其他3种的无机磷主要分布在H_2O-Pi、HCl-Pi和Na HCO3-Pi,各形态有机磷主要分布于残留态磷,BZ2中比例最高;4等磷量大田试验结果表明,板栗结果枝叶片单位面积叶片磷含量整体表现为BZ2BZ1BYZZFCK,高峰期(7月)、平均每月叶片磷含量增值与堆肥产物中水溶性无机磷含量及其占回收全磷的比例呈显著或极显著正相关,推测集中深施情况下有机堆肥产物中水溶性无机磷含量及占全磷的比例是当年板栗叶片磷吸收的重要影响因素.整体研究表明,栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-鸡粪堆肥(BZ2)具有高比例的水溶态无机磷和残留态有机磷库,使板栗叶片磷含量最高,且其原料中板栗产业废弃物配比高达80%(栗蓬栗叶60%+菌渣20%),是产区好氧堆肥原料体系的较佳选择.     

生物炭对污泥堆肥及其利用过程重金属有效态的影响

以城市脱水污泥为研究对象,设置2种处理(A组:添加水稻生物炭; B组:未添加生物炭)进行污泥堆肥,并将污泥堆肥产品进行土地利用,研究污泥堆肥及其利用过程重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)的变化特征及其钝化效果,同时考察添加生物炭的影响作用.结果表明:在污泥堆肥及其短期利用过程中,除Ni外,重金属总量没有显著变化,水稻生物炭对5种重金属总量的影响也不显著.污泥堆肥过程对5种重金属具有一定钝化作用,添加生物炭能显著降低重金属有效态含量,并具有显著的钝化效果(P 0. 05),钝化率达到16. 39%～43. 10%,其中Zn、Ni的钝化效果更为显著;而未添加生物炭的污泥堆肥过程对重金属有效态的钝化效果不显著(P 0. 05).施用污泥堆肥会增加土壤重金属含量,短期内,生物炭对污泥堆肥土壤利用后的重金属有效态具有一定影响,但效果不显著.     

不同通风条件下堆肥处理死鸡效果研究

利用强制通风密闭箱式堆肥系统处理死鸡,分别在冬季和春季进行两期堆肥处理死鸡试验,冬季试验设置0.035、0 025和0.015m3·m-3·min-13个通风量,春季试验设置0.045、0.035和0.025 m3,m-3·min-1 3个通风量,研究不同通风条件下堆肥处理死鸡过程中死鸡的分解效果.结果表明,冬季和春季堆肥试验过程中,各通风处理条件下死鸡的分解率均在85％以上,冬季堆肥试验通风量为0.035m3·m-3.min-1时,处理效果最好,死鸡分解率为90.5％;春季堆肥试验通风量为0.045 m3·m-3·min-1时,处理效果最好,死鸡分解率为90.2％