果蔬类垃圾主发酵堆肥产物储放和利用的恶臭释放特征

鉴于目前尚缺乏主发酵堆肥产物储放和土地利用的恶臭风险评估数据,本文基于21 d恶臭释放潜力实验,描述了果蔬类垃圾主发酵堆肥产物在此过程中的恶臭释放源强特征,并据此评估其在储放和利用时的恶臭释放特征.结果表明,主发酵堆肥产物在实验过程中持续释放氨气、硫化物、苯系物和萜类物质,并以氨气为主;醇类物质、醛类物质的释放随时间逐渐减少,而酮类物质在整个过程中持续释放但释放量很少.通过模拟封闭环境和自然场地两个场景,本文从恶臭风险角度计算出在封闭环境中每平方米内可接受的主发酵产物的暂存或直接利用量,以及主发酵产物能够在自然场地中直接利用的使用量和最小防护距离要求.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

污泥仓式堆肥工艺和进出仓系统技术概述

介绍了污泥仓式堆肥工艺、进出仓系统的定义、分类与功能实现,分别阐述了进仓系统(装载机、容器式、螺旋式、皮带式)和出仓系统技术(装载机、刮板式、皮带式)的原理、主要优缺点、适用条件,以及进出仓系统存在的问题,并提出自动进出仓是该技术的发展方向。     

污泥发酵产物应用于草坪基质的伴生杂草辨识与溯源

通过在工程化草坪生产基地设置污泥发酵产物施川处理,对在草坪应用的杂草问题进行了深入分析。结果表明．污泥发酵物料的掺人增加伴生杂草总量2．92～6．67倍。主要伴生杂草种类为牛筋草（Eleusine indica（Linn）Gaertn）,与对照相比,污泥发酵物处理的牛筋草密度增加O．84～1．67倍;种籽主要来自于污泥物料。适当增加施用深度和预喷施除草刹可昆著降低伴生杂草密度约50％。     

木薯渣堆肥及其对难溶性磷的活化试验研究

试验以干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料作调理剂,同时加入不同含量的磷矿粉,对木薯渣进行好氧堆肥,研究木薯渣堆肥过程中堆肥理化性质的变化及木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷的活化作用。试验设置磷矿粉加入量10%(T1)、15%(T2)、20%(T3)和不加磷矿粉(CK)四个处理,干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料的添加量均为10%、15%和20%。在堆肥过程中,四个处理均在55℃以上高温持续了25d,超过了国家规定的标准。在堆肥结束时,各处理水分含量均降至30%左右,pH升高至弱碱性,淀粉降解率均在90%以上,水溶性碳(DOC)含量均降至10g·kg-1以下,达到了基本腐熟的标准。证明木薯渣通过堆肥能达到稳定无害化状态。在堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T3有效磷增加量分别为12.58、12.81、12.96g·kg-1,对磷矿粉的活化率分别为23.53%、17.07%、14.50%,T1活化效果最好。研究结果表明木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷有一定的活化作用,可为解决堆肥资源化产品中植物可利用磷含量偏低的难题开拓一条生物学途径。     

Evaluation of microbially enhanced composting of sophora flavescens residues

The effects of inoculants on the composting of Sophora flavescens residues were evaluated based on several physical, chemical and biological parameters, as well as the infrared spectra. Compared to the control compost without inoculants, the treatment compost with inoculants (Bacillus subtilis strain G-13 and Chaetomium thermophilum strain GF-1) had a significantly longer thermophilic duration, higher cellulase activity and a higher degradation rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (P < 0.05). Thus, a higher maturity degree of compost with apparently lower C:N ratio (15.88 vs. 17.77) and NH₄-N:NO₃-N ratio (0.16 vs. 0.20) was obtained with the inoculation comparing with the control (P < 0.05). Besides, the inoculants could markedly accelerate the composting process and increase the maturity degree of compost as indicated by the germination index (GI) in which the treatment reached the highest GI of 133.2% at day 15 while the control achieved the highest GI of 125.7% at day 30 of the composting. Inoculation with B. subtilis and C. thermophilum is a useful method to enhance the S. flavescens residues composting according to this study.     

施垃圾堆肥拌CaCO3对蔬菜中重金属的累积影响

垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３对蔬菜中重金属的累积效应试验结果显示：单施垃圾肥会增加蔬菜中重金属的累积量，但若施垃圾堆肥同时拌施ＣａＣＯ３（按施垃圾堆肥量的０．５％或１％），则可有效地降低蔬菜中重金属的累积水平．与单施垃圾堆肥相比，拌施ＣａＣＯ３能使番茄中Ｐｂ含量下降２９％－４１％；Ｃｒ下降５％－４６％，Ｃｄ下降９％－４２％；Ｃｕ下降２％－２４％；ＡＳ下降４％－６０％；有的元素如Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ甚至能降到本底值（即不施垃圾肥者）以下。青菜中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ａｓ的含量下降较明显。试验还显示：施垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３，土壤中重金属可提取总量低于单施垃圾堆肥者。     

(M)VOC and composting facilities. Part 1: (M)VOC emissions from municipal biowaste and plant refuse

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Malodorous volatiles derived from the decomposition of biowaste within the process of composting might pose a risk to human health. Different techniques of process engineering have been developed to minimise the burden of malodorous compounds in air possibly affecting compost workers and residents in the vicinity. METHODS: In the present study, three different composting facilities were examined for the emission of volatiles to estimate the impact of process engineering on the dispersal of odorous compounds and to discuss its relevance for human health. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Concentrations of single compounds belonging to alcohols, ketones, furanes, sulfur-containing compounds and especially terpenes ranged from 10(2) up to nearly 10(6) ng/m3 depending on the sampling sites and the process engineering. The ratio of MVOC and total VOC measured changed throughout the process of biodegradation. A certain combination of volatile compounds coincided with the occurrence of typical compost odour. CONCLUSION: The type of process engineering seemed to have a major impact on the emission of volatiles, as amounts of (microbial) volatiles emitted were characteristic for the different techniques used. Thus, the MVOC emission basically depends on the degree of biodegradation. It is likely that the concentrations workers are exposed to can have an impact on human health. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: It is obvious that less sophisticated types of process engineering give rise to greater amounts of bioaerosols and volatiles and, therefore, technical devices have to be improved and controlled regularly to minimise adverse health effects on workers.     

不同物料堆肥过程中溶解性有机质和腐殖酸的物质结构演化时序差异分析

以提取鸡粪未添加菌剂（CM）、鸡粪添加菌剂（CMB）及餐厨垃圾（FW）堆肥过程中提取的溶解性有机质（DOM）和腐殖酸（HA）为研究对象,利用荧光光谱平行因子分析及二维相关光谱分析对DOM和HA的物质结构及转化时序进行表征。结果表明：DOM的腐殖化指数（HIX）表现为CMB>CM>FW,FW堆肥有机质的自生源特性更强,CMB堆肥有机质腐殖化程度最高。与堆肥时间相比,DOM和HA的光谱结构特性对堆肥种类的响应更强烈;3种堆肥的DOM中,类蛋白组分相对浓度整体表现为CM>FW>CMB,类腐殖质组分表现为CMB>FW>CM;HA中,类蛋白组分相对浓度为CM>CMB（FW）,类腐殖质组分表现为CMB(FW)>CM。二维相关光谱表明：鸡粪堆肥中,DOM各组分演化时序为类胡敏酸>类酪氨酸>类色氨酸>类富里酸,HA各组分表现为类酪氨酸>类富里酸>类色氨酸;餐厨垃圾堆肥中,DOM各组分演化时序为类色氨酸>类酪氨酸>类富里酸,HA各组分表现为类胡敏酸>类酪氨酸>类色氨酸>类富里酸。适当的含水率有利于DOM中类腐殖质物质的生成,氨氮（NH₄ ⁺-N）浓度的降低与鸡粪堆肥DOM中类蛋白物质的降解以及腐殖化程度的增强有关,硝氮（NO₃ ⁻-N）浓度与类腐殖质组分呈显著正相关;水溶性有机碳（DOC）浓度和含水率的降低可能标志着堆肥过程中HA的腐殖化程度增强。

     

青霉素G钾在蔬菜地土壤中的降解动力学研究

为确定青霉素G钾(penicillin G potassium,PG)在土壤中的半衰期和降解动力学,选择灭菌与未灭菌、施肥与未施肥蔬菜地土壤作为基质,研究了PG在不同基质中的降解曲线,并拟合了降解动力学方程。结果表明,PG在蔬菜地土壤中的半衰期为1.61～1.67 d,最终降解率均达到99.7%以上,但PG不会完全降解,仍会以较低的水平(21～73μg·kg-1)在土壤中长期存在。降解动力学方程拟合结果表明,PG的初始浓度会对降解速率产生影响,初始浓度越高,降解速率越快。在灭菌与未灭菌土壤中降解曲线显示其降解过程受生物和非生物作用共同影响,但添加有机肥的降解过程和未添加组没有显著差异。由于PG在土壤中不能被完全降解,从而增加了诱导抗性基因产生及转移的风险。