Effects of phosphorus concentration on Cr（VI） sorption onto phosphorus-rich sludge biochar

To investigate effects of phosphorus content on Cr（VI） sorption onto phosphorus-rich biochar, sewage sludge of different phosphorus concentrations from 4 to 60 mg.g-1 by dry weight were prepared and carbonized to make biochar for batch sorption experiments. Test results revealed that different phosphorous concentration of raw sludge had respective impacts on surface area, pore surface area, average pore diameter and pH value of derived biochar. The adsorption kinetics of phosphorus-rich biochar could be described by the pseudo-second-order model. The sorption isotherm data followed Langmiur model better than Freundlich model. Biochar produced from sludge with phosphorus concentration of 20 mg. gl gave the largest chromium sorption capacity, which could be attributed to its largest surface area and pores surface area comparing with those of＇biochars from sludge with other phosphorus concentrations. The chromium loaded biochar was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction measurement. The results indicated that chemical functional groups hydroxyl and methyl on surface of biochar were involved in Cr（VI） binding and its reducing to Cr（III）. Then, a portion of Cr （III） in form of various phosphate precipitates was bound onto biochar surface and the rest was released into the solution. The experimental results suggested that phos- phorus played an important role in pore and surface area development of sludge biochar during pyrolytic process. It also could react with Cr（III） on the biochar surface that impacted on capacity of Cr（VI） removal from solution by sludge biochar. Therefore, phosphorus concentration in sludge should be considered when sludge pyrolytic residue would be reused for heavy metals sorbing.     

秸秆还田和添加生物炭对热带地区稻菜轮作体系中淹水后土壤温室气体排放的影响

热区稻菜轮作系统瓜菜季施肥后大量硝态氮积累,导致后续的水稻季淹水后硝态氮的淋失以及大量N₂O排放,使氮素损失以及温室效应加剧.如何提高硝态氮利用率,减少N₂O排放成为了亟待解决的问题.试验共设置6个处理：添加200 mg·kg^-1 （以N计,下同）KNO₃（CK）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃+2%生物炭（B）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃和1%花生秸秆（P）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃+2%生物炭+1%花生秸秆（P+B）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃+1%水稻秸秆（R）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃+2%生物炭+1%水稻秸秆（R+B）,进行114 d的25℃恒温淹水培养,来探究有机物料添加对土壤淹水后温室气体排放和氮素利用的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,添加秸秆或秸秆和生物炭配施显著增加了土壤pH（P<0.05）;B和P处理分别显著增加了41.6%和28.5%的N₂O累计排放（P<0.05）,P+B、R和R+B处理分别显著降低了14.1%、24.7%和36.7%的N₂O累计排放（P<0.05）;添加秸秆增加了净温室气体增温潜势（NGWP）,增施椰壳生物炭能够显著减缓秸秆对NGWP的影响（P<0.05）,秸秆和生物炭配合施用降低了NGWP,其中P+B显著降低NGWP（P<0.05）,R+B不显著;添加秸秆或生物炭显著增加了土壤微生物量碳（MBC）（P<0.05）,P+B最高,为502.26 mg·kg^-1;秸秆和生物炭配施增加了土壤微生物量氮（MBN）,P+B最高.N₂O排放通量与pH呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;N₂O累计排放量与MBN呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;NO₃^--N与MBN呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,说明硝态氮的减少可能被微生物固持,微生物对硝态氮固持的增加也减少了N₂O排放.综上所述,花生秸秆和椰壳生物炭配合施用能够显著抑制N₂O排放,增加土壤MBC和MBN,是一种海南瓜菜季后充分利用氮肥,减少氮素损失,减缓N₂O排放的一种合理措施.     

Resource utilization of typical biomass wastes as biochars in removing plasticizer diethyl phthalate from water: characterization and adsorption mechanisms

● Six largely produced agricultural biomass wastes were pyrolyzed into biochars. ● Feedstock type significantly determined physiochemical properties of biochars. ● The biochars showed powerful adsorption capabilities to Plasticizer DEP. ● Giant reed biochar with higher DEP adsorption was a prominent sorbent. Plastic pollution as a global environmental issue has become a research hotspot, among which the removal of inherent plasticizer (e.g., phthalic acid esters, PAEs) received increasing attention. However, the effects of biochars derived from different feedstocks on the adsorption of PAEs are poorly understood. Thus, the characteristics of biochars derived from six largely produced biomass wastes in China at 400 °C, as well as their performance in adsorption of diethyl phthalate (DEP), one of frequently detected PAEs in aqueous environment, were investigated. The results indicated that the variation in feedstock type showed significant changes in the properties (e.g., porosity, specific surface area, surface functional groups) of biochars, which affected DEP adsorption and desorption. Pseudo-second order and Freundlich models fitted the adsorption data well, and adsorption mechanisms mainly included hydrophobic effect, followed by micropore filling, hydrogen bonding, and π-π EDA interactions. Adsorption thermodynamics revealed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic the adsorption capacities of DEP on these biochars slightly decreased with the increasing pH but increased with the increasing ionic strength. Among these biochars, the giant reed biochar with relatively higher DEP adsorption and low desorption exhibited the great efficiency for DEP removal as an environment-friendly sorbent. These results highlighted the significant roles of micropore filling and hydrogen bond in determining adsorption capacity of designed biochars prepared from selecting suitable agricultural straws and wetland plant waste to typical plasticizer. The findings are useful for producing designed biochars from different biomass wastes for plasticizer pollution control.     

热解温度和时间对污泥生物碳理化性质的影响

污泥热解制备生物碳是一种环境友好的污泥处理处置途径。重点考察了热解温度及时间等因素对生物碳品质的影响。污泥取自厦门某城市污水处理厂脱水污泥（初始含水率为80%）,热解实验结果表明,随着热解温度的升高（从300～700℃）,热解时间的增加（2～4 h）,生物碳产率均下降;低温热解时（300℃）,生物碳偏酸性,而高温热解时（700℃）,生物碳偏碱性;生物碳N含量随着热解温度的升高、热解时间的增加而降低,而P、K及微量元素随着热解温度的升高,热解时间的增加而增加。DTPA浸提实验结果表明,高温热解能降低污泥生物碳中微量元素的有效性。     

田间条件下生物炭与化肥配施对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响

为探讨生物炭对农田化肥面源污染的防控效果,本文以北运河流域(北京段)下游"上壤下砂"、施肥量大、易漏水漏肥菜田为研究对象,分析了田间条件下不同用量生物炭配合化肥底施和施炭基肥对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响.结果表明:与单施化肥(T1)相比,①化肥配施生物炭750 kg·hm-2(T2)、22...     

Estimation of effect of sugarcane bagasse biochar amendment in landfill soil cover on geotechnical properties and landfill gas emission

In a sanitary landfill, the final cover plays an important role in reducing the landfill gas emission to the atmosphere and in preventing the ingress of rainwater into the dumped waste. The present study investigated the suitability of sugarcane bagasse biochar as an amendment to the cover soil to improve the required landfill liner properties. The amended cover soil sugarcane bagasse (SSB) was tested for its stability and effectiveness, in terms of both geotechnical properties and methane mitigation efficiency. The effects of amending 15%, 20%, and 25% of sugarcane bagasse biochar (passing through 300 micron Indian Standard sieve) on the geotechnical properties of the SSB indicated that the SSB with 25% biochar showed the required values as per the standard with maximum dry density of 1.57 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³), liquid limit, plasticity index, and percentage of fines 48.5%, 16.3%, and 74.7%, respectively, and permeability of 0.9 × 10^?7. A column study that was conducted to determine the methane emission from the cover soil showed a 65.8% reduction in the methane emission compared to that of a column without SSB cover, with a cumulative methane emission of 410 milliliters (mL) at the end of 200 hours (h). On the other hand, the volume of methane emitted after 310 h from the column without cover and with the SSB cover was 1850 mL and 692 mL, respectively. The difference between these two values is found to be 22% of the total methane that the cover would have handled in its lifetime (5267 mL). Thus, there is an increase in the percentage of methane adsorption by soil cover from 15% to 22% when the soil was amended with 25% sugarcane bagasse biochar.     

生物质炭施用和不同水分管理对水稻生长和Cd吸收的影响

向实际Cd污染土壤中添加不同质量比(0.5％、1％和2％)的生物质炭,并结合不同水分管理方式,研究该处理对Cd污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,添加生物质炭提高了淹水处理中水稻各生育期土壤溶液pH值和可溶性有机碳(DOC)质量浓度及土壤pH值,且增幅随生物质炭添加量增加而升高;旱作处理中仅2％生物质炭添加量处理显著提高了各生育期土壤溶液pH值和DOC质量浓度,但所有处理均提高了土壤pH值;生物质炭显著降低了土壤Cd生物有效性,下降幅度达5.09％～68.7％.施用生物质炭后,水稻的株高、稻米产量和水稻总生物量均有显著提高.淹水条件下施用生物质炭显著降低了水稻籽粒中Cd质量比(下降幅度为36.9％～73.4％),而在旱作条件下则增加了水稻籽粒中Cd质量比,这可能与不同水分条件下生物质炭的分解及其携带的Cd有关.研究表明,采用1％生物质炭施用量和淹水的农业措施可有效降低土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻籽粒中Cd含量.     

微生物群落驱动AM真菌、生物炭及联合改良沙化土壤作用潜力

沙化土壤作为土地荒漠化的重要过渡形式,实现其有效恢复对减缓土地荒漠化进程意义重大.本研究显示,丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌和生物炭已应用于沙化土壤改良过程,但二者联合对沙化土壤改良影响研究较少;此外,细菌和真菌群落在沙化土壤改良过程中的作用尚不清楚.采用温室盆栽试验的方法,分别设置对照处理（CK）、单独接种AM真菌处理（RI）、单独施加生物炭处理（BC）和二者联合改良处理（BC_RI）,研究不同改良方式对小果白刺（Nitrariasi birica Pall.）菌根侵染率、生物量、矿质营养元素（N、P、K、Ca和Mg）含量及土壤有机碳、营养元素（全N、全P和全K）、水稳性团聚体组成影响.采用高通量测序技术,考察细菌和真菌群落在沙化土壤改良过程中的作用,结合多元分析手段,探究不同改良方式改良作用机制,旨在为合理有效改良沙化土壤提供基础数据和理论依据.结果表明,接种处理（RI和BC_RI）小果白刺根系均观察到明显的菌根侵染现象,但RI和BC_RI处理间菌根侵染率无显著性差异.与CK相比,RI处理显著增加了小果白刺地上部生物量和地上部N、K、Ca和Mg含量,BC和BC_RI处理显著增加了小果白刺地上部、根部生物量及N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量;BC_RI处理与RI和BC相比,根部生物量及P、K、Ca和Mg含量显著增加.与CK相比,BC和BC_RI处理显著增加了土壤有机碳含量,RI处理使得土壤全N含量显著增加了152.54%,BC处理使得土壤全P和全K含量分别显著降低了12.5%和18.18%.各处理0.25~0.05 mm粒径土壤团聚体比例最高,BC_RI处理能够显著促进大粒径（>0.25 mm）土壤团聚体形成.与CK相比,RI和BC_RI处理显著降低细菌、真菌群落Sobs指数和Shannon指数;各处理细菌及真菌菌门组成及丰度存在显著差异性.RDA及网络分析结果显示,AM真菌、生物炭及二者联合改良方式对土壤基质环境及土壤微生物群落结构影响显著,不同改良方式下微生物分子生态网络关系发生显著变化,不同改良处理中核心物种组成具有差异性;BC和BC_RI较RI处理,网络连接密集程度更高且核心物种组成更丰富;生物炭与AM真菌联合,弱化了Rhizophagus intraradices的核心作用,并增强其他微生物（特别是细菌菌种）的核心地位.SEM结果显示,AM真菌和生物炭施用通过直接影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构,进而实现对植物生长及土壤性质变化的影响,微生物群落结构差异（特别是微生物间的互作关系变化）是导致土壤改良效果差异的主要驱动力.综上所述,不同改良方式对沙化土壤改良效果影响具有差异性,微生物群落在土壤改良过程中具有关键影响作用,AM真菌和生物炭联合对加速沙化土壤生态恢复具有潜在优势和应用价值.     

木屑生物炭在雨水径流中的氮磷淋出和吸附特性

现阶段生物滞留系统的填料存在氮磷营养素淋出及吸附净化效果不稳定的问题.为评估木屑生物炭作为生物滞留系统过滤层填料的可行性,选用传统填料（椰糠、堆肥、陶粒和火山石）作为对比材料,通过理化性质测试、批量淋洗实验、等温吸附和解吸实验,研究木屑生物炭的基本性质、淋出特性和吸附特性,探究木屑生物炭对生物滞留系统的优化效果与改良机制.结果表明,经高温热解生成的木屑生物炭具有疏松和多孔的特性,饱和含水率为195.65%,持水效果好;热解后木屑生物炭表面的氮磷元素转换为稳定的化合物,在批量淋洗实验中其氮素淋出量低、淋出速度快,磷素淋出滞缓但在人造雨水径流的淋洗中保持线型负值增长,吸附效果稳定;在典型雨水径流浓度（2mg·L^-1的NH₄⁺及2mg·L^-1的PO₄^3-）下,木屑生物炭可吸附34.6mg·kg^-1的NH₄⁺和59.5mg·kg^-1的PO₄^3-,具有突出的综合吸附能力;NH₄⁺及PO₄^3-吸附平衡后的木屑生物炭在去离子水中的平均解吸率为21.23%和17.43%,吸附效果稳定.综上所述,木屑生物炭的施用可解决填料营养盐过剩淋出的问题,且具有较好的氮磷吸附效果,可用作生物滞留系统的填料解决雨水径流污染问题.     

施用不同污泥堆肥品对土壤温室气体排放的影响

通过田间试验,分别施加两种不同的污泥堆肥品（A：含生物质炭堆肥品,B：不含生物质炭堆肥品）和不同施肥量,分析土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O动态变化特征和排放系数,研究施用污泥堆肥品对土壤温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,土壤CO₂和CH₄排放主要集中在生长期,生物质炭堆肥品低施用量能减少CO₂排放,而高施肥量增加CO₂排放.CH₄排放主要为负值,总体表现为土壤吸收CH₄,对照处理吸收量远高于其他处理（P<0.01）,A组处理CH₄吸收量随施肥量的增加而增加（P<0.05）.N₂O排放集中在发芽期和幼苗期,施肥量越高,排放量越大（P<0.01）.污泥堆肥品农用过程排放的温室气体主要是N₂O,施用A、B两种污泥堆肥品的土壤N₂O排放系数分别为1.02%~1.90%和1.28%~2.93%.生物质炭堆肥品具有显著的碳减排效果,其温室气体排放量比不含生物质炭堆肥品的土壤低19.49%~35.56%,且对于N₂O的减排效果较CH₄更为显著.