秸秆还田和添加生物炭对热带地区稻菜轮作体系中淹水后土壤温室气体排放的影响

热区稻菜轮作系统瓜菜季施肥后大量硝态氮积累,导致后续的水稻季淹水后硝态氮的淋失以及大量N₂O排放,使氮素损失以及温室效应加剧.如何提高硝态氮利用率,减少N₂O排放成为了亟待解决的问题.试验共设置6个处理：添加200 mg·kg^-1 （以N计,下同）KNO₃（CK）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃+2%生物炭（B）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃和1%花生秸秆（P）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃+2%生物炭+1%花生秸秆（P+B）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃+1%水稻秸秆（R）;添加200 mg·kg^-1 KNO₃+2%生物炭+1%水稻秸秆（R+B）,进行114 d的25℃恒温淹水培养,来探究有机物料添加对土壤淹水后温室气体排放和氮素利用的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,添加秸秆或秸秆和生物炭配施显著增加了土壤pH（P<0.05）;B和P处理分别显著增加了41.6%和28.5%的N₂O累计排放（P<0.05）,P+B、R和R+B处理分别显著降低了14.1%、24.7%和36.7%的N₂O累计排放（P<0.05）;添加秸秆增加了净温室气体增温潜势（NGWP）,增施椰壳生物炭能够显著减缓秸秆对NGWP的影响（P<0.05）,秸秆和生物炭配合施用降低了NGWP,其中P+B显著降低NGWP（P<0.05）,R+B不显著;添加秸秆或生物炭显著增加了土壤微生物量碳（MBC）（P<0.05）,P+B最高,为502.26 mg·kg^-1;秸秆和生物炭配施增加了土壤微生物量氮（MBN）,P+B最高.N₂O排放通量与pH呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;N₂O累计排放量与MBN呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;NO₃^--N与MBN呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,说明硝态氮的减少可能被微生物固持,微生物对硝态氮固持的增加也减少了N₂O排放.综上所述,花生秸秆和椰壳生物炭配合施用能够显著抑制N₂O排放,增加土壤MBC和MBN,是一种海南瓜菜季后充分利用氮肥,减少氮素损失,减缓N₂O排放的一种合理措施.     

生物炭添加对太湖滨岸带土壤氮矿化和淋失特征的影响

滨岸带土壤的氮矿化改变了氮元素的迁移和利用效率,与水体富营养化控制息息相关,而土地利用导致的土壤性质差异使得氮的固持和运移能力不同.因此,以太湖西部沿岸3种土地利用类型的土壤(林地、草地和耕地)为研究对象,通过培养实验和土柱淋溶实验,探究不同生物炭添加(0％、1％和5％)条件下滨岸带土壤氮矿化量的动态变化和淋失特征.结...     

生物炭对紫色土坡耕地侵蚀性耕层土壤有机碳的影响

土壤有机碳是陆地生态系统最大的碳库,不仅是耕地土壤质量评价的核心指标,也是全球碳循环的重要组成部分.为研究耕层土壤有机碳对土壤侵蚀和管理措施交互作用的响应特征,以三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地侵蚀性耕层土壤为研究对象,采用铲土侵蚀模拟试验小区,建立5种侵蚀程度的坡耕地原位试验,以不施肥(CK)为对照措施,设置单施化肥(F)和...     

炉渣与生物炭配施对福州平原稻田土壤团聚体及碳、氮分布的影响

土壤水稳性团聚体及土壤碳、氮含量是影响土壤肥力的关键因素.以福州平原稻田为研究区,在早稻和晚稻生长季,对对照、炉渣、生物炭和炉渣与生物炭配施处理下耕层和犁底层土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性,包括0.25 mm团聚体含量(DR0.25)、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)及土壤碳、氮含量进行了测定和分析.研究结果表明:早稻和晚稻不同土层,对照、炉渣、生物炭和配施4种处理团聚体均以0.25 mm粒级为主;0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体数量随深度增加而增加,土壤团聚体的稳定性随土层加深而增强;早稻组中,生物炭施加后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别减少了20.08%、15.12%和21.87%,D值增加了3.67%,炉渣和配施后差异不显著(p0.05);晚稻组中,生物炭施加后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别增加了23.00%、13.82%和16.75%,配施后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别增加了16.77%、9.80%和15.37%,D值分别减少了3.75%和2.59%,炉渣施加后差异不显著(p0.05);炉渣、生物炭和配施3种处理都显著增加了早稻耕层和晚稻耕层土壤的碳含量,生物炭和配施处理都显著增加了早稻耕层和晚稻耕层土壤的氮含量(p0.05),3种处理都显著增大了早稻耕层土壤C/N比(p0.05),同时,土壤不同粒级团聚体碳、氮含量百分比主要集中在0.25 mm粒级大团聚体.     

Fe2O3/PC功能化复合多孔炭材料的制备及除磷机理

采用热活化法辅以加压超声浸渍技术将硅酸盐水泥颗粒（PC）和Fe₂O₃负载于稻壳生物炭（RHC）的表面,得到了具有优异除磷效能和高选择性吸附性能的Fe₂O₃/PC功能化复合多孔炭材料（Fe-PC/RHC）.基于磷吸附容量和磷去除率,对PC和Fe³⁺负载进行量的优化;选取优化炭进行比表面积、孔径分布、物相结构、表面结构、微观形貌和零电位点表征测定.结果表明：复合炭材料表面均匀分散着硅酸钙盐、硅酸铁盐和Fe₂O₃等矿物活性颗粒,对其比表面积、孔结构和吸附性能具有增强作用;当RHC：PC=0.8：1（质量比）,Fe³⁺：RHC=2：1（2 mmol·g^-1）时制备的炭材料Fe₂-PC/RHC,投加0.2 g,处理100 mg·L^-1的磷酸盐溶液,在pH=6~8的条件下表现出了优异的吸附性能;铁盐的掺杂能有效调控介质pH值从11.09降低至7.71,zeta电位从2.82提高到7.57;准二级动力学模型和Langmiur模型更适用于描述Fe₂-PC/RHC吸附磷酸盐的过程,吸附4 h后逐渐趋于平衡,饱和吸附量为69.92 mg·g^-1;在几种常见阴离子和阳离子共存的情况下,Fe₂-PC/RHC对磷酸盐仍然表现出了优异的选择性吸附;结合吸附前后材料的表征结果,化学吸附是主要的除磷机理,此外还可能存在配体交换和静电吸引.     

Resource utilization of typical biomass wastes as biochars in removing plasticizer diethyl phthalate from water: characterization and adsorption mechanisms

● Six largely produced agricultural biomass wastes were pyrolyzed into biochars. ● Feedstock type significantly determined physiochemical properties of biochars. ● The biochars showed powerful adsorption capabilities to Plasticizer DEP. ● Giant reed biochar with higher DEP adsorption was a prominent sorbent. Plastic pollution as a global environmental issue has become a research hotspot, among which the removal of inherent plasticizer (e.g., phthalic acid esters, PAEs) received increasing attention. However, the effects of biochars derived from different feedstocks on the adsorption of PAEs are poorly understood. Thus, the characteristics of biochars derived from six largely produced biomass wastes in China at 400 °C, as well as their performance in adsorption of diethyl phthalate (DEP), one of frequently detected PAEs in aqueous environment, were investigated. The results indicated that the variation in feedstock type showed significant changes in the properties (e.g., porosity, specific surface area, surface functional groups) of biochars, which affected DEP adsorption and desorption. Pseudo-second order and Freundlich models fitted the adsorption data well, and adsorption mechanisms mainly included hydrophobic effect, followed by micropore filling, hydrogen bonding, and π-π EDA interactions. Adsorption thermodynamics revealed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic the adsorption capacities of DEP on these biochars slightly decreased with the increasing pH but increased with the increasing ionic strength. Among these biochars, the giant reed biochar with relatively higher DEP adsorption and low desorption exhibited the great efficiency for DEP removal as an environment-friendly sorbent. These results highlighted the significant roles of micropore filling and hydrogen bond in determining adsorption capacity of designed biochars prepared from selecting suitable agricultural straws and wetland plant waste to typical plasticizer. The findings are useful for producing designed biochars from different biomass wastes for plasticizer pollution control.     

Estimation of effect of sugarcane bagasse biochar amendment in landfill soil cover on geotechnical properties and landfill gas emission

In a sanitary landfill, the final cover plays an important role in reducing the landfill gas emission to the atmosphere and in preventing the ingress of rainwater into the dumped waste. The present study investigated the suitability of sugarcane bagasse biochar as an amendment to the cover soil to improve the required landfill liner properties. The amended cover soil sugarcane bagasse (SSB) was tested for its stability and effectiveness, in terms of both geotechnical properties and methane mitigation efficiency. The effects of amending 15%, 20%, and 25% of sugarcane bagasse biochar (passing through 300 micron Indian Standard sieve) on the geotechnical properties of the SSB indicated that the SSB with 25% biochar showed the required values as per the standard with maximum dry density of 1.57 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³), liquid limit, plasticity index, and percentage of fines 48.5%, 16.3%, and 74.7%, respectively, and permeability of 0.9 × 10^?7. A column study that was conducted to determine the methane emission from the cover soil showed a 65.8% reduction in the methane emission compared to that of a column without SSB cover, with a cumulative methane emission of 410 milliliters (mL) at the end of 200 hours (h). On the other hand, the volume of methane emitted after 310 h from the column without cover and with the SSB cover was 1850 mL and 692 mL, respectively. The difference between these two values is found to be 22% of the total methane that the cover would have handled in its lifetime (5267 mL). Thus, there is an increase in the percentage of methane adsorption by soil cover from 15% to 22% when the soil was amended with 25% sugarcane bagasse biochar.     

Development of functional composts using spent coffee grounds,poultry manure and biochar through microbial bioaugmentation

Spent coffee grounds (SCG), poultry manure, and agricultural waste-derived biochar were used to manufacture functional composts through microbial bioaugmentation. The highest yield of tomato stalk-based biochar (40.7%) was obtained at 450°C with a surface area of 2.35 m² g^?1. Four pilot-scale composting reactors were established to perform composting for 45 days. The ratios of NH₄⁺–N/NO₃^?–N, which served as an indicator of compost maturity, indicate rapid, and successful composting via microbial bioaugmentation and biochar amendment. Moreover, germination indices for radish also increased by 14–34% through augmentation and biochar amendment. Microbial diversity was also enhanced in the augmented and biochar-amended composts by 7.1–8.9%, where two species of Sphingobacteriaceae were dominant (29–43%). The scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were enhanced by 14.1% and 8.6% in the fruits of pepper plants grown in the presence of the TR-2 (augmentation applied only) and TR-3 (both augmentation and biochar amendment applied) composts, respectively. Total phenolic content was also enhanced by 68% in the fruits of the crops grown in TR-3. Moreover, the other compost, TR-L (augmentation applied only), boosted DPPH scavenging activity by 111% in leeks compared with commercial organic fertilizer, while TR-3 increased the phenolic content by 44.8%. Composting facilitated by microbial augmentation and biochar amendment shortened the composting time and enhanced the quality of the functional compost. These results indicate that functional compost has great potential to compete with commercially available organic fertilizers and that the novel composting technology could significantly contribute to the eco-friendly recycling of organic wastes such as spent coffee grounds, poultry manure, and agricultural wastes.     

热解温度和时间对污泥生物碳理化性质的影响

污泥热解制备生物碳是一种环境友好的污泥处理处置途径。重点考察了热解温度及时间等因素对生物碳品质的影响。污泥取自厦门某城市污水处理厂脱水污泥（初始含水率为80%）,热解实验结果表明,随着热解温度的升高（从300～700℃）,热解时间的增加（2～4 h）,生物碳产率均下降;低温热解时（300℃）,生物碳偏酸性,而高温热解时（700℃）,生物碳偏碱性;生物碳N含量随着热解温度的升高、热解时间的增加而降低,而P、K及微量元素随着热解温度的升高,热解时间的增加而增加。DTPA浸提实验结果表明,高温热解能降低污泥生物碳中微量元素的有效性。     

不同镉污染农田土壤上秸秆和炭化秸秆分解动态及其对土壤镉的吸附特征

通过温室土壤培养实验,研究不同镉污染农田土壤上不同的作物秸秆和炭化作物秸秆还田后的分解动态和还田秸秆材料对污染土壤中镉的吸附特征,探讨秸秆和炭化秸秆还田做为重金属镉污染农田土壤修复剂的可行性。实验结果表明,还田的油菜秸秆和玉米秸秆在2种镉污染水稻土壤上6个月分解了43％-65％,秸秆炭化后还田则很稳定,2种镉污染土壤上还田6个月时累计分解量小于5％。2种镉污染土壤上还田的秸秆和炭化秸秆随还田时间延长镉含量逐渐增加。模拟镉污染土壤上,相同时期油菜秸秆中镉含量显著高于玉米秸秆,油菜秸秆炭中镉含量显著高于玉米秸秆炭。在镉污染土壤上,还田的玉米秸秆、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭对土壤镉的净吸附量相近,均小于1．1μg／g。在模拟镉污染土壤上还田的油菜秸秆和油莱秸秆炭对土壤镉净吸附量最高分别达到2．74μg／g和7．03μg／g,分别是玉米秸秆和玉米秸秆炭的2倍,且显著高于其在镉污染土壤上的净吸附量,具有高的吸附能力。