压裂返排废液达标排放的实验研究

油田压裂返排废液由于所含添加剂种类繁多,有机成分复杂,使CODCr值高而处理难度大。本试验以港深11-8井为研究对象,通过大量室内试验,最终采用“混凝—萃取—微电解—活性炭吸附—催化氧化—生化”六步法处理废水。试验结果表明,原水的CODCr从6460 mg/L降至90 mg/L,达到一级排放标准。     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids between plants and insects: A new chapter of an old story

Summary Among alkaloids the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) play a unique role in the interactions between plants and adapted insects. InSenecio spp. (Asteraceae) PAs are synthesized in the roots as alkaloidN-oxides which are specifically translocated into shootsvia the phloem-path and channeled to the preferred sites of storage (e.g. inflorescences) where they are stored in the cell vacuoles. In differentSenecio spp. senecionineN-oxide is produced as the common product of biosynthesis, which subsequentlyvia a number of simple but specific reactions is transformed into typical speciesspecific PA-patterns. Insects from diverse taxa sequester PAs for their own defense. Lepidopterans (e.g. arctiids such asTyria jacobaeae andCreatonotos transiens) may hydrolyze plant acquired ester-PAs and convert the resulting necine base into insect-specific PAs by esterification with an acid of their own metabolism. Adapted arctiids and the grasshopperZonocerus take up PAs in the state of the tertiary amine.N-Oxides are reduced in the guts prior to uptake. In the bodies the tertiary PAs are rapidlyN-oxidized by a specific mixed-function oxigenase and are maintained in theN-oxide state. The importance of the reversible interconversion of the nontoxicN-oxide (pro-toxine) into the toxic tertiary alkaloid is discussed as the specific feature of PAs in plant-insect interactions.     

炼油厂活性污泥膨胀控制措施

生化法对进水的有机物负荷要求比较严格,当进水条件突变时,易使活性污泥中毒而失去活性,并发生污泥膨胀。而炼油废水受生产情况的影响,水质、水量变化很大,因此使得生化处理设施的运行很不利,时常发生污泥膨胀,使污泥沉降性能恶化。针对这一问题,分析了造成污泥膨胀的机理和水质情况,并提出了相应的控制措施。     

Nickel-induced blood biochemistry alterations in hens after an experimental peroral administration

The purpose of this study was to determine certain blood biochemical parameters in hens of Isa Brown breed (n = 20) after nickel administration. Animals were divided into four groups (K, P1, P2, P3). Experimental hens (n = 5; in each group) received nickel (NiCl₂) as peroral administration in drinking water in various doses (P1 – 0.02 g NiCl₂/L; P2 – 0.2 g NiCl₂/L; P3 – 2.0 g NiCl₂/L of drinking water) for 28 days. The last group – K (n = 5) was the control, receiving no nickel. Biochemical parameters of mineral profile (calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; sodium; potassium) and of energy and enzymatic profile [(glucose; total cholesterol; total proteins; triglycerides; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and glutamatdehydrogenase (GLDH)] were analyzed in blood serum on Day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the experiment. Average levels of mineral metabolism parameters were relatively stable apart from calcium. The evaluation registered a significant decrease in calcium during the experiment mainly in the group with highest nickel concentration in drinking water. No significant differences were detected between groups in energy and enzymatic profile apart from the concentrations of ALT on Day 7. In conclusion, there were significant associations between nickel levels and calcium and ALT in blood serum of the hens. No significant differences were detected in other biochemical parameters of mineral profile (P, Mg, Na, K) and energy and enzymatic profile (glucose, total cholesterol, total proteins, triglycerides, AST, GGT and GLDH) after nickel administration. Our results may contribute to an evaluation of reference levels of analyzed parameters, to monitor the health and nutritional status of hens. In this study also the negative effect of nickel mainly on calcium metabolism was detected.     

化学絮凝对造纸废水有机氯化物的作用研究

从絮凝过程中污染物高低分子量组分、毒性、ＣＯＤ值的变化，研究了制浆含氯漂白废水中絮凝对后续生化过程的协同效应，结果表明，化学沉淀处理可有效地去除废水中的高分子一分，降低废水的毒性，提高废水的生化性。     

水解酸化-好氧氧化-化学氧化-吸附工艺处理印染废水

对印染废水采用水解酸化-好氧氧化-化学氧化-吸附等进行连续处理。结果表明,该处理工艺具有废水处理效果好、出水水质稳定(出水水质达GB4287-92中的一级标准)、操作管理方便等优点,是处理印染废水的有效方法之一。     

药物合成废水处理工程

针对氯唑沙宗、枸橼酸莫沙必利化学原料药合成过程中产生的有机废水浓度高、成分复杂及处理难度大等特点(COD高达80000mg/L左右),采用催化氧化-生物化学方法,试验研究了药物合成废水处理。试验结果表明,该技术对合成废水的COD去除率可达98%,SS去除率可达96%,色度降到50倍左右,其去除率约为98%。该系统运行费用为0.4~0·5元/m3废水。经过3个月的工程运行,表明催化氧化-生物化学处理药物合成废水系统是一种高效率、低能耗、运行管理方便、经济可行的处理方法。处理类似制药废水这样的高浓度有机废液,上述废水处理工艺具有广阔的应用前景。     

儿茶酚胁迫下铜绿微囊藻的生理生化响应

根据儿茶酚抑藻的剂量效应关系,研究了铜绿微囊藻在不同的投加剂量下,藻细胞的生理变化特征,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察细胞形貌,并测定了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、胞内磷酸酶(AKP)和还原型谷胱甘肽酶(GSH)活性以及还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和丙二醛(MDA)浓度的变化。结果显示,儿茶酚使细胞表面出现凹陷或者孔洞,致使丙二醛(MDA)相对浓度增加,生物膜受损明显。儿茶酚剂量≤EC50(0.80 mg/L)时,SOD、CAT和AKP酶活性在1~2 d增加,随后下降,接近于对照样。儿茶酚剂量≥EC60(1.20 mg/L)时,SOD、CAT和AKP酶活性被显著抑制,直到完全低于对照样水平。GSH和AsA也表现出类似规律。     

物化-生化-深度处理工艺处理苎麻脱胶废水

苎麻脱胶废水采用物化-生化-深度处理工艺处理后,经验收监测COD去除率可达95．7％,废水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》GB8978—1996一级标准的要求。物化一生化一深度处理工艺处理苎麻脱胶废水技术可行、效果稳定。     

复合垂直流人工湿地基质生化活性研究

文章测定了复合垂直流人工湿地基质生物膜生物量的空间分布、纤维素分解作用强度、氨化作用强度、酚分解作用强度、耗氧速率、厌氧活性等指标,结果表明:下行流池基质的纤维素分解作用、氨化作用、酚分解作用、耗氧速率等均高于上行流池,表层高于中下层,各指标变化趋势与生物膜生物量的空间分布存在明显的一致性;下行流池表层基质是污染物降解的主要空间;但上行流池基质的厌氧活性高于下行池;同时发现钴离子对基质厌氧微生物活性存在一定的影响,随着浓度的升高表现为先激活后降低。这些研究为阐明人工湿地净化机理提供了理论依据。