碳质材料和溶解性有机质对沉积物中全氟化合物在摇蚊幼虫体内富集的影响

全氟化合物(PFASs)是一类具有疏水基团和亲水基团的新型污染物.目前,在环境条件对PFASs生物富集影响方面已开展了诸多研究,但有关碳质材料(CMs)和溶解性有机质(DOM)共存对PFASs在生物体内富集的影响还未见报道。为探讨这一问题,研究了沉积物-水体系中2种碳质材料木炭(W400)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT10)和4种DOM(丹宁酸、富里酸、蛋白胨和腐殖酸)对6种典型PFASs在摇蚊幼虫体内生物富集的影响。结果表明,暴露10 d后(已达到富集平衡状态),无论体系中是否存在CMs,添加1~50 mg C·L-1不同类型的DOM对PFASs在摇蚊幼虫体内生物富集的影响不显著。无论体系中是否存在DOM,添加CMs均能降低摇蚊幼虫体内PFASs的含量,且MWCNT10对PFASs生物富集的降低比例显著高于W400。与对照相比,添加0.4%的MWCNT10对摇蚊幼虫体内PFASs含量的降低比例为21%~56%,而同等添加量的W400对其降低比例均低于20%。这表明,在沉积物-水体系中,当CMs和DOM共存时,CMs是影响PFASs在摇蚊幼虫体内富集的主要因素,而少量DOM的引入对其影响不大。     

稻瘟酰胺在水/沉积物中的降解及生物富集性研究

稻瘟酰胺是一种新型内吸型杀菌剂,其在水体环境中的归趋备受关注。采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了稻瘟酰胺在水-沉积物中的降解特性和在斑马鱼中的生物富集性。结果表明,在水-沉积物降解中,好氧条件下河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中农药总量的降解半衰期分别为169.1、60.3 d,厌氧条件下的降解半衰期分别为173.3、126.0 d,湖泊体系的降解速率快于河流体系。稻瘟酰胺在水-沉积物体系中主要存在于沉积物中,系统降解速率主要受沉积物中的降解速率影响。稻瘟酰胺在斑马鱼中的生物富集系数BCF_(8d)达64.8~189.1,具有中等富集性。稻瘟酰胺在水体环境中具有较强稳定性,且具有一定的生物富集性,可能会对水体和水体生物造成一定的污染影响。     

Uptake,elimination and biochemical effects of azadirachtin and tebufenozide in algae

Abstract

Effects of azadirachtin (isomer A, AZ‐A) and tebufenozide (TF) on freshwater algae were investigated using indoor aquatic microcosms. AZ‐A and TF were dosed at different concentrations to 10‐L microcosms. Chlorophyll and protein contents of the algae, and the concentrations of the insecticides in water and algae were monitored at intervals of time up to 20 d. Chlorophyll and protein contents in algae were inhibited at treatment levels of 3.0 and 4.5 μg AZ‐A/mL, whereas at 1.5 μg/mL, the chemical stimulated the chlorophyll production. The partition of AZ‐A between water and algae was reversible, and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was low. In contrast, TF dosed at 0.25 to 0.75 μg/mL stimulated algal growth, probably due to its utilization of carbonaceous and nitrogenous intermediates and other breakdown products of TF as nutrients. The BCF was high and the organism functioned as a sink for the chemical. Extension of the laboratory findings to complex outdoor systems are discussed.     

重金属污染河流生态修复区挺水植物对重金属的吸收特性

为了分析比较滇东南选矿区重金属污染河流——小白河生态修复区所种植芦苇和香蒲对重金属的吸收及生态修复效果差异,于2015年4月在小白河西岸野生植物区及东岸生态修复区采集土壤及植物样品,对样品进行烘干、消解,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）和镍（Ni）这4种重金属的含量,使用原子荧光光谱法测定样品中砷（As）的含量.结果表明:①小白河东岸生态修复区湿地底泥中As和Zn污染最为严重,但东岸底泥中各重金属含量已明显低于西岸,其中芦苇种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了38.82%和50.53%,香蒲种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了13.54%和21.95%.②芦苇对As、Pb、Zn和Pb、Cr以及Cr、Ni这3组重金属的吸收存在显著的协同作用,香蒲对重金属吸收的协同作用表现在As、Zn、Ni和Pb、Cr这2组重金属中,这种重金属吸收协同作用在芦苇中更明显.③芦苇对Cr的生物富集系数（BCF）较高,对Cr的转运系数（TF）为0.80,属于富集型耐受策略,芦苇对Zn和Ni属于根部囤积型耐受策略;香蒲对Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr这4种重金属的BCF较大,TF均接近1,属于富集型耐受策略,对As属于根部囤积型耐受策略.研究显示,芦苇可作为重金属污染河流生态修复区的先锋植物,香蒲的重金属生物富集效率较高,将重金属富集于地上部的能力较强,可考虑将植物分区种植的模式改为间作种植,并定期收割香蒲地上部,以使生态修复区具有更好的重金属修复效果.      

水溶性有机物对植物吸收菲的影响及其机制研究

水培小麦试验研究了水溶性有机物(DOM)对植物吸收多环芳烃(菲)的影响,并对其机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明:菲抑制了植物的生长,抑制率达到18.01%,DOM可加剧菲对植物生长的抑制作用,使生长抑制率升至24.38%;植物可吸收和富集水培液中的菲,而DOM能明显地促进植物对菲的吸收和富集作用,使得其根部浓缩系数高达37.63 L·kg^-1,同时DOM还能促进根部吸收的菲向地上部转运;植物在吸收菲的同时,使得营养介质的pH显著升高,DOM与菲存在显著的协同交互作用,可使介质pH值的升高     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

不同土壤-小麦体系中铅镉交互作用与转运特征

选用海伦黑土、咸宁棕红壤和长武黑垆土这3种土壤,分别设置4组不同含量配比的Pb和Cd复合处理,进行为期5个月的小麦种植(郑麦9023号)盆栽试验,结合小麦植株各部位Pb和Cd含量,分析3种土壤-小麦体系中Pb和Cd交互作用对小麦富集转运重金属的影响.结果表明,低pH棕红壤水溶态Cd和Pb含量最高,且土壤颗粒表面Pb和Cd交互作用显著,高有机质黑土及高碳酸钙含量的黑垆土中Cd和Pb活性较低.3种土壤中黑垆土种植小麦的株高和干重表现最差,但Pb和Cd复合作用使其株高较对照增加了2.68～8.49 cm, Pb和Cd交互作用对黑土中小麦的株高和干重影响最小,但抑制了棕红壤中小麦生长.3种土壤-小麦体系的Pb和Cd交互作用差异较大,棕红壤中Pb和Cd间存在协同作用,125 mg·kg^-1和250 mg·kg^-1Pb处理下棕红壤种植的小麦籽粒Pb含量随Cd添加量升高分别显著增加73.2%和19.1%;黑土中Pb和Cd间存在拮抗作用,0.3 mg·kg^-1和0.6 mg·kg^-1 Cd处理下黑土中小麦籽粒Cd含...     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

湿地植物水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)对镉的富集特征及生理响应

以人工湿地修复镉污染水体时,植物在镉离子的沉淀、吸收和积累等过程中起着关键作用,但当前报道的镉富集植物种类较少,湿地植物对镉胁迫的生长及生理响应缺乏系统研究,限制了湿地植物在镉污染水体修复中的应用。笔者以常见湿地植物水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)为对象,设置了4个镉处理浓度(0、0.5、1和2 mg·L~(-1)),研究了水蓼对镉的富集特征以及生长和生理响应。水蓼根、茎和叶的镉含量(以干重计)随镉处理浓度的增加而升高,处理30 d时,在2 mg·L~(-1)处理下分别达到134、47和48 mg·kg~(-1)。处理30 d时,在1 mg·L~(-1)的镉处理下,水蓼的地上部及地下部富集系数和转运系数最高,地上部和地下部富集系数分别为45.6和111.7,转运系数为0.41。在处理15 d时,水蓼生物量、叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在2 mg·L~(-1)处理下显著降低。在处理30 d时,水蓼的总生物量在不同镉浓度下无显著差异,但丙二醛(MDA)含量、SOD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在0.5～2 mg·L~(-1)镉处理下均显著升高,叶绿素含量下降。这些结果表明,水蓼可以通过提高抗氧化酶活性等机理抵抗镉胁迫产生的氧化伤害,并且水蓼对镉的富集和转运系数较高,具有在镉污染水体修复中应用的潜力。     

康定柳对铯胁迫的生理生化响应及富集能力

主要探讨康定柳(Salix paraplesia)在水培条件下对铯胁迫(133Cs+浓度0、50和200 μmol/L)的生理生化响应和富集修复能力。研究结果表明:铯胁迫造成了植物的过氧化损伤,且与胁迫浓度呈正相关;植物通过提高渗透调节能力(Pro)和抗氧化能力(SOD、POD和CAT)应对铯胁迫,但高浓度铯胁迫却显著抑制了植株抗氧化系统的作用。从植物光合荧光指标和叶绿素含量来看,低浓度铯能促进植物叶绿素合成且对光合能力影响不大,而高浓度铯胁迫则抑制了植物叶绿素的合成及光合能力。此外,与对照相比,低浓度铯胁迫能够显著促进植株的茎长,而高浓度铯胁迫则显著抑制了植株的生物量、根长和茎长,对植株生长发育的抑制作用明显。康定柳对水体中铯的富集量和富集系数均表现为根> 茎> 叶,铯主要富集在植株根部,且在高处理浓度下,植株富集量最高达到2.2358 mg/g DW。表明康定柳对水体中铯的污染具有较好的耐受性和修复潜力。