Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

氮浓度对牟氏角毛藻富集2,2',4,4',5-五溴联苯醚的影响

以牟氏角毛藻为研究对象,采用半连续培养法,研究了不同氮浓度条件下牟氏角毛藻对2,2',4,4',5-五溴联苯醚富集.结果表明,牟氏角毛藻对多溴联苯醚的富集与氮营养条件有关,随着氮浓度的增加,富集量和富集因子均呈降低趋势.氮浓度为0,128,512μmol/L条件下,单位藻细胞的富集量分别为2.84,2.38,1.91ng/106 cells,单位体积藻液富集量分别为0.19,0.16,0.12ng/mL.富集因子的变化趋势相似,氮为0μmol/L时单位总脂富集因子(BCFlipid)为238.19×104 (ng/g)/(ng/mL),随着氮浓度的升高,BCFlipid明显降低.相关性分析表明,单位体积藻液富集量、单位藻细胞富集量和BCFlipid等均与氮浓度呈现显著的负相关关系(r>-0.8, P0.8, P<0.05).     

水溶性有机物对植物吸收菲的影响及其机制研究

水培小麦试验研究了水溶性有机物(DOM)对植物吸收多环芳烃(菲)的影响,并对其机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明:菲抑制了植物的生长,抑制率达到18.01%,DOM可加剧菲对植物生长的抑制作用,使生长抑制率升至24.38%;植物可吸收和富集水培液中的菲,而DOM能明显地促进植物对菲的吸收和富集作用,使得其根部浓缩系数高达37.63 L·kg^-1,同时DOM还能促进根部吸收的菲向地上部转运;植物在吸收菲的同时,使得营养介质的pH显著升高,DOM与菲存在显著的协同交互作用,可使介质pH值的升高     

有机化合物生物富集因子的计算机预测研究

有机化合物在生物体内的富集,通常用生物富集因子(bioconcentration factor,简称BCF)来表达,这是化合物生态环境毒性评估的重要指标。为合理预测有机化合物是否易于生物富集,首先从美国环保局网站收集了624个具有不同BCF值的化合物,然后采用7种分子指纹结合5种机器学习方法(包括支持向量机、C4.5决策树、k最近邻法、随机森林法和朴素贝叶斯法),构建了化合物BCF的分类预测模型,所有模型均采用独立外部验证集进行验证。其中,使用Chemo Typer分子指纹结合支持向量机方法得到的二分类模型,整体预测准确度最好,达到了85.4%。通过采用信息增益、频率分析等方法,进一步确定了化合物中易于引起生物富集的关键子结构,包括芳基氯、二芳基醚、氯代烷烃等。研究中所用到的方法为有毒化学品的生态风险评价提供了良好可靠的预测工具。     

Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roots of three mangrove species in Jiulong River Estuary

IntroductionMangrovesareintertidalwetlands ,commonintropicalandsubtropicalcoastalregions,especiallyinbaysandriverestuaries.Theyareamongthemostbiologicallyimportantnatureresoursesonearth ,promotingthediversitiesofterrestrialandaquaticorganisms.Astheprimary…     

Compound dependence of the relationship log Kow and log BCFL

Linear relatinships between log bioconcentration factor (BCF) and log K^ow for a variety of compounds have been reported many times in the literature. Analysis of the thermodynamics of the two partition processes has, however, shown that they are not analogous and that linear relationships can be expected to have different slopes for structurally unrelated compounds. In this study a set of literature lipid normalized BCF (BCF_L) values of chlorbenzenes (CBs) for rainbow trout and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) forDaphnia was put together with literature K_ow values. The slopes of the regression lines for log BCF_L versus log K_ow for the two groups of compounds proved to differ significantly in a statistical test using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The difference, which is of significance for estimates of BCFs in environmental modelling of these types of compounds, is explained by the differences in chemical structure of the two groups of compounds.     

稀土元素147Pm、141Ce、147Nd的环境毒理研究

应用核素示踪技术研究了稀土元素的环境行为、生物富集性及其对动物性腺的影响。结果表明 :(1) 14 7Pm、14 1Ce和14 7Nd具有强吸附性 ,易在土壤和底泥中积累 ;(2 )供试的各生物对14 7Pm均具有明显的富集性 ;(3) 14 7Pm、14 1Ce和14 7Nd在动物体内脏器和组织间呈不均匀分布 ,在骨骼、骨髓、眼、大脑、心脏、脂肪和睾丸中残留量较高 ,且随剂量或摄入时间增加而增加 ,表现了明显的选择性蓄积。其中 ,骨骼对稀土元素的富集尤为突出 ;14 1Ce在眼中的蓄积高于其它脏器和组织 ;(4 )一次性腹腔注射剂量为 2 0 0mg·kg-1的Ce或Nd对小鼠性腺激素分泌具有明显的抑制作用 ,小鼠血清中睾酮或孕酮浓度比对照减少 ;虽然随饲料摄入 2 0 0和 80 0mg·(kg·d) -1的Ce ,对小鼠睾酮浓度没有明显影响 ,但精子畸形率升高。探讨了农业应用稀土的环境安全性 ,并就稀土农用提出了几点建议。     

小球藻对水中有机酸类稀土配合物的富集

通过ＭＩＮＴＥＱＡ２程序研究了稀土有机酸类配合物在小球藻中的生物富集作用，结果表明：富集作用可用表面配合模型（ＳｕｒｆａｃｅＣｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌ）来解释，对同一稀土而言，其富集能力的大小与其有机酸１：１配合物的稳定常数呈负相关，稀土一ＥＤＴＡ，ＮＴＡ〉Ｃｉｔｒａｔｅ，Ｔａｒｔｒａｔｅ的配合物在小球藻中的富集能力小于相应的稀土离子，而稀土而与Ａｃｅｔａｔｅ的配合物要大于相应的稀土离子。     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

A theoretical‐methodological approach towards the evaluation of environmental pollutants

The recognition and analysis as well as a generally applicable ecotoxicological evaluation are parts of the strategy towards the determination of changes in the quality of environmental compartments and their effects on humans. The progress in the field of identification of qualitative effects calls for the creation of a theoretical basis for the empirical findings. With this task being the main concern, fundamental ideas on a theoretical‐methodological approach towards the ecotoxicological evaluation of environmental chemicals are discussed. The relationships between the molecular structure and the effect of the substances in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments are the basis of this approach.