厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动

为研究厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石（Anammox-HAP）颗粒污泥系统的启动方法,采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器（AAFEB）,接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过调控基质浓度和水力停留时间,考察系统内污泥粒径及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化,同时监测系统的脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,在低上升流速0.213~1.066m/h、Ca/P=5.5物质的量比的条件下,不断提高进水氮负荷,实现了Anammox颗粒污泥系统的启动.总氮、正磷酸盐去除率分别为（78.0±9.8）%、（63.8±9.9）%,总氮容积负荷达2.74kg/（m³·d）,在150d内培养出平均粒径为0.4mm的微颗粒污泥.颗粒的形态特征和元素分布检测表明其为Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增加,EPS中的PS含量基本不变,PN从54.43mg/g增加到137.40mg/g,PN/PS从6.63提高到7.71.EPS中PN占比与粒径之间存在正相关,对污泥颗粒的形成起主要作用.     

高效苯酚降解菌Bacillus sp.L5-1的分离及其降解特性

从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效苯酚降解菌L5-1,经菌落形态观察和16S rDNA基因测序,结果表明菌株L5-1为蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,美国国家生物信息中心（NCBI）的注册号为MN784421.将苯酚设置为唯一碳源,对其生长和苯酚降解特性展开研究.结果表明：菌株L5-1在10%接种量、温度30~35℃、pH值7~8的条件下,均能高效降解培养基中苯酚（培养基体积为100mL,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,14h时降解率>93%）.而在最优降解条件下（10%接种量,培养温度为35℃,pH值7.0,NaCl浓度为1%）,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,菌株在14h内的苯酚降解率可达97.1%;而当初始苯酚浓度为1000mg/L,菌株也可在46h内达到97.71%的降解率.运用Haldance方程动力学模拟菌株在不同浓度苯酚下的生长过程,其最大比生长速率为0.355h^-1,半饱合常数104.27mg/L,抑制常数为322.83mg/L,R²=0.997.菌株L5-1为目前已报道的Bacillus菌属中降解苯酚能力较强的菌株,为实际处理含酚废水中提供理论参考.     

胞外聚合物和信号分子对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

为了探究胞外聚合物（EPS）对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥活性的影响,分别向厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中投加30mg/L的总胞外聚合物（IN-EPS）,松散结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）.结果表明,3种EPS均可提高厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性.对于添加了IN-EPS,LB-EPS和TB-EPS的实验组,厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的氨氮去除速率分别增加了6.68%,10.5%和19.29%,厌氧氨氧化菌的生长速率分别增加了18.25%,21%,16.3%.三维荧光光谱法分析发现3种EPS的组成基本相同,以芳香族蛋白质和可溶性微生物产物为主.对EPS中的高丝氨酸内酯类（AHLs）信号分子进行检测,发现EPS中含有3种信号分子,分别是C4-HSL,C6-HSL和C10-HSL,外源投加这3种AHLs到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中,结果发现C4-HSL和C6-HSL可以提高厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性和生长速率,这是EPS可以提高厌氧氨氧化菌活性的原因.     

2种BDPs固相反硝化的脱氮效果对比

利用批量和连续流填充床试验对比了2种BDPs(可生物降解聚合物)——PBS(聚丁二酸丁二醇酯)和PCL(聚ε-己内酯)的反硝化效果. 批量试验结果表明,在脱氮稳定阶段,B1(PCL)和B2(PBS)对TN的平均去除率和反硝化速率分别为97.4%、67.0%和7.5、1.8 mg/(L·h),B2均明显优于B1. 连续流试验中,在进水ρ(NO₃--N)为16.8～18.8 mg/L、HRT(水力停留时间)为4.0 h的条件下,L1(PCL填充床)的反硝化速率大于L2(PBS填充床). 但是随着HRT的减小,L1呈现出比L2更快的反硝化速率. L2和L1分别在HRT为2.0和1.5 h时获得最大反硝化速率,分别为7.7和9.3 mg/(L·h). ESEM(环境扫描电子显微镜)观察结果表明,生物膜剥离后,PCL和PBS颗粒表面均出现大量的坑洞,并且PCL颗粒表面坑洞的密集程度远大于PBS. 三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)分析结果表明,L2和L1出水中的溶解性有机物主要为类色氨酸这类简单的蛋白质和SMP(溶解性微生物代谢产物),并且L1水中SMP的荧光峰强度明显高于L2.      

Controlling the Behaviors of Biodegradable/Bioabsorbable Polymers with Cyclodextrins

The cyclic six, seven, and eight-membered oligosaccharides -, -, and -cyclodextrins (CDs) can serve as hosts for a variety of polymer guests to form crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs), wherein the guest polymers are included in the continuous narrow channels (0.5–1.0 nm in diameter) formed by the host CD stacks. Polymers included as guests in CD-ICs are highly extended and segregated from neighboring chains by the walls of the host CD bracelets. As a consequence, when polymer-CD-ICs are treated with solvents for CDs that are non-solvents for the included polymers or with amylase enzymes, the CDs are removed and the guest polymers are coalesced into bulk samples whose structures, morphologies, and even chain conformations are different from those achieved by consolidation from their randomly coiling, entangled solutions and melts. Often these CD-IC coalesced and consequently reorganized polymer samples exhibit properties that are distinct from their normally processed bulk samples. Here we describe the CD-IC processing of several biodegradable/bioabsorbable homopolymers, copolymers, and blends made from poly (L-lactic acid), poly (-caprolactone), and poly (-hydroxybutyrate)s, with special emphasis placed on their improved and controllable properties. For example, the phase segregation and consequent crystallinities of their normally incompatible homopolymer blends and their block copolymers may be controlled and thus improved. In addition, co-inclusion of small molecule guests, such as drugs or anti-bacterials, in their common CD-ICs, and subsequent coalescence, yields well-mixed blends of these biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers and the small molecule co-guests, which may lead, for example, to the improved delivery of drugs.     

Toxicity screening of biodegradable polymers. I. Selection and evaluation of cell culture test methods

A screening test method for potential toxicity of biodegradable plastics on humans and the environment was selected and evaluated with samples of cellulose acetate, Bionolle, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (Biopol), and polycaprolactone (Tone polymer). Among the standardin vitro tests using animal cell cultures for the evaluation of biomedical materials, the test by direct contact and the test with extract were examined. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of the cell viability and morphology indicate that the test with extracts can be easily performed, providing reproducible and comparable results for all materials. Using the cell culture test with the extract of sterile samples, an estimation of the toxicity of a new polymeric material can be obtained within a few weeks.     

生物降解材料聚乳酸的合成及应用研究

聚乳酸（HA）是具有良好生物相容性和生物可降解性的高分子材料，正受到人们越来越多的关注，近年来被广泛应用。综述了PLA的两种合成方法——乳酸直接缩聚和丙交酯的开环聚合法，论述了PLA在药物控制释放、骨科固定、手术缝合线及日常生活等领域中的应用，展望了HA的合成、开发现状及应用前景。     

利用固相反硝化同时去除水中硝酸盐和4-氯酚

研究了固相反硝化技术同时去除水中硝酸盐和4-氯酚的可行性.结果表明,以可降解餐盒为碳源和微生物附着载体进行异养反硝化,能有效去除水中的硝酸盐.在批式实验条件下,当NO^-₃-N初始浓度为50 mg/L时,平均反硝化速率为24.0 mg/(L·h).当4-氯酚浓度低于30 mg/L时,对反硝化脱氮有促进作用;大于40 mg/L时,对反硝化有抑制作用.在反硝化条件下,当4-氯酚的初始浓度分别为5 mg/L和30 mg/L时,8　h后其去除率分别为90%和71%,4-氯酚的去除是由于可降解餐盒的吸附作用及附着微生物的降解作用.     

Co-inhibition of methanogens for methane mitigation in biodegradable wastes

The inhibition effects and mechanisms of chlorinated methane and acetylene on methanogenesis in the anaerobic digestion process of the biodegradable wastes were investigated.It was found that both chloroform and acetylene could effectively inhibit methanogens while the biodegradability of the wastes was not affected.Acetylene inhibited the activity of methanogens,while chloroform inhibited metabolic process of methanogenesis.A central composite design (CCD) and response surface regression analysis (RSREG) were employed to determine the optimum conditions and interaction effects of chloroform and acetylene in terms of inhibition efficiency,production of volatile fatty acids and molar ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid.Chloroform had significant effect on enhancing the production of VFA (F = 121.3;p<0.01),and acetylene promoted the inhibition efficiency (F = 99.15;p<0.05) more effectively than chloroform (F = 9.72;p>0.05).In addition,a maximum molar ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid of 1.208 was estimated under the optimum conditions of chloroform concentration of 9.05 mg/kg and acetylene concentration of 3.6×10-3 (V/V).Hence,methanogens in the wastes can be inhibited while the stabilization process of the biodegradable wastes can still work well,as propionic acid generated during the inhibition process could hardly be utilized by methanogens.     

零价铁处理污水的机理及应用

介绍了零价铁的性质及其处理污水的机理,概述了零价铁在处理含重金属、染料、多氯化合物、生物难降解有机物等废水的应用状况,评述了零价铁处理废水的特点及应用前景。