Evaluation of a respirometric test method to determine the heterotrophic yield coefficient of activated sludge bacteria

The heterotrophic yield coefficient of activated sludge bacteria is an important parameter in the field of wastewater degradation kinetics and the determination of degradation kinetics of defined chemicals. With the help of easily biodegradable organic compounds like glucose and acetate the respiration kinetics of degrading activated sludge bacteria was studied. The results of the respiration analysis were transformed to examine the degradation and respiration kinetics of municipal wastewaters at different food to microorganism ratios (F/M ratios). It was proved that the heterotrophic yield coefficient of aerobically degrading activated sludge bacteria could reliably be determined and that the heterotrophic yield coefficient was independent of the F/M ratio over a wide range.     

可生物降解螯合剂GLDA诱导东南景天修复重金属污染土壤的研究

化学强化的植物提取技术可以有效地去除污染土壤的重金属.用盆栽试验的方法,研究了可生物降解螯合剂谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)不同用量或者与乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、柠檬酸复配使用对超富集植物东南景天吸收土壤重金属Cd、Zn和Pb的影响.结果表明,施用GLDA提高了东南景天对土壤Cd和Zn的提取效率,GLDA用量为2.5 mmol·kg-1时东南景天对Cd和Zn的提取量最高,分别是对照的2.5倍和2.6倍.螯合剂的总用量为5 mmol·kg-1时,EDTA、柠檬酸分别与GLDA复配,未能进一步促进东南景天对土壤Cd和Zn的提取.上述结果表明,可生物降解螯合剂GLDA在诱导植物修复重金属污染土壤特别是Cd和Zn污染土壤具有明显潜力.     

全生物降解地膜原料颗粒对土壤性质、小麦生长和养分吸收转运的影响

全生物降解地膜是解决白色污染问题的有效途径之一,但其对土壤-植物系统的影响尚不清楚.为全生物降解地膜大面积应用的安全性评价提供依据,采用盆栽试验研究了全生物降解地膜原料颗粒种类（H、 S和X）和用量(2.5、 10和40 g·kg^-1)对土壤理化性质、生物学性质及植物生长和养分吸收转运的影响.结果表明,3种全生物降解地膜原料颗粒显著提高土壤pH,但对土壤有机质含量影响不显著,H地膜颗粒中高用量和S地膜颗粒低中用量时对土壤硝化作用及土壤氮的有效性有积极作用,而X地膜颗粒则表现为抑制作用;H地膜颗粒使土壤有效磷含量提高,S和X无显著影响;X地膜颗粒使土壤有效钾含量提高,S和H无显著影响. 3种全生物降解地膜颗粒对土壤酶活性的影响因地膜种类、用量和酶的类型的不同而异,随着地膜颗粒用量提高,3种土壤酶活性均呈现下降趋势.对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生长而言,除低中用量的S处理外,其余处理均抑制小麦的生长,其中X地膜颗粒对小麦根、茎叶和籽粒生物量抑制作用最大且随地膜颗粒用量提高小麦生物量抑制效果越明显.对小麦养分而言,在地膜颗粒低用量时促进氮吸收、高用...     

不同厚度生物降解地膜在崇明生态岛“两无化”稻田中的降解特性研究

2020年6—12月,在崇明生态岛“两无化”水稻种植基地进行大田实验,检测并分析了生物降解地膜的微观形貌、化学结构、相对分子量,探究不同厚度生物降解地膜的降解以及物理化学性质的变化。结果表明:随着覆膜时间延长,不同厚度的生物降解地膜表面均出现孔洞且数量逐渐增多;生物降解地膜中聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)可能发生了诺里什Ⅱ型反应,导致高分子材料分子链的断裂;生物降解地膜相对分子量均先增后减,地膜中高分子在稻田环境中发生了的断裂、重组、分解,形成分子量相对较小的降解物;覆膜135 d时厚度为0.0100、0.0090、0.0085 mm的生物降解地膜的数均分子量分别比初始下降了15.32%、28.54%、22.88%,重均分子量则分别下降了17.00%、21.73%、16.21%。     

Cellulose Fiber/Bentonite Clay/Biodegradable Thermoplastic Composites

Adding cellulose fiber reinforcement can improve mechanical properties of biodegradable plastics, but fiber must be well dispersed to achieve any benefit. The approach to dispersing fiber in this study was to use aqueous gels of sodium bentonite clay. These clay-fiber gels were combined with powdered compostable thermoplastics and calcium carbonate filler. The composite was dried, twin-screw extruded, and injection molded to make thin parts for tensile testing. An experimental design was used to determine the effect of fiber concentration, fiber length, and clay concentration. Polybutylene adipate/terephthalate copolymer (PBAT) and 70/30 polylactic acid (PLA)/PBAT blend were the biodegradable plastics studied. The composite strength decreased compared to the thermoplastics (13 vs. 19 MPa for PBAT, 27 vs. 38 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). The composite elongation to break decreased compared to the thermoplastics (170% vs. 831% for PBAT, 4.9% vs. 8.7% for the PLA/PBAT blend). The modulus increased for the composites compared to the thermoplastic standards (149 vs. 61 MPa for PBAT, 1328 vs. 965 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). All composite samples had good water resistance.     

利用淀粉基共混物作为反硝化固体碳源的研究

合成了淀粉/聚己内酯(PCL)热塑性共混物(SPCL6),并对其性能进行了表征.研究了SPCL6作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体用于固相反硝化工艺的可行性.结果表明,SPCL6可作为固体碳源用于去除低C/N水中的硝酸盐,在接种1 d后SPCL6就有明显的脱氮效果.进水硝氮质量浓度对反硝化速率没有明显影响,以SPCL6为固体碳源的反硝化过程符合零级反应.剪切力对反硝化速率具有显著影响,转速从70 r.min-1提高至140 r.min-1时,反硝化速率(以N计)从0.016 5 mg.(g.h)-1提升至0.0328 mg.(g.h)-1.红外光谱结果表明,微生物利用后的SPCL6中淀粉和PCL均发生了降解.     

食品垃圾好氧降解过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征

采用实验室模拟方法,研究了混合食品垃圾(FW)及以橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿为代表的4种植物性易降解有机垃圾组分好氧降解过程中排放出来的117种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放量和组成特征.结果表明,混合食品垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs总排放量为951.80mg·kg-1,主要为有机硫、含氧化合物和萜烯,分别占VOCs总排放量的43.1%、53.3%和2.1%.橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs的总排放量分别为12736.72、118.67、57.40和228.08mg·kg-1,主要成分均为含氧化合物和萜烯;含氧化合物分别占橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的13.5%、80.9%、85.9%和79.5%,萜烯分别占4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的86.5%、16.6%、8.2%和15.6%.     

Carboxymethyl cellulose thiol-imprinted polymers:Synthesis,characterization and selective Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption

Sulfur containing ion imprinted polymers(S-IIPs) were applied for the uptake of Hg(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution. Cysteamine which was used as the ligand for Hg(Ⅱ) complexation, was grafted along the epichlorohydrin crosslinked carboxylated carboxymethyl cellulose polymer chain through an amide reaction. The adsorption ability of S-IIPs towards Hg(Ⅱ)was investigated by kinetic and isotherm models, which, corresponding, showed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order, fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 80 mg/g. Moreover, thermodynamic studies indicated an endothermic and spontaneous reaction with the tendency of an enhanced randomness at the surface of the S-IIPs with temperature increases. S-IIPs indicated a high degree of selectivity towards Hg(Ⅱ) in the presence of Cu~(2+), Zn~(2+), Co~(2+), Pb~(2+)and Cd~(2+).Furthermore, the efficiency of S-IIPs was also evaluated against real samples showing86.78%, 91.88%, and 99.10% recovery for Hg(Ⅱ) wastewater, ground water and tap water,respectively. In this study, the adsorbent was successfully regenerated for five cycles, which allows for their reuse without significant loss of initial adsorption capability.     

Biodegradability of Thermally Aged PHB,PHB-V,and PCL in Soil Compostage

The biodegradability of poly--hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly--hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHB-V) and poly--caprolactone (PCL) were examined following thermal aging in an oven for 192, 425 and 600 h. Different temperatures, 100, 120 and 140°C for PHB and PHB-V and 30, 40 and 50^oC for PCL were used to assess the influence of this parameter on biodegradation. The biodegradability tests were done in soil compostage at pH 11.0 and involved measuring the residual mass of polymer. Thermal analysis of the polymers was done using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The melting temperature and crystallinity were also determined. Thermal ageing increased the biodegradability only for PHB at 120 and 140^oC, and there was no correlation between crystallinity and the biodegradation of the polymers.     

Individual and simultaneous degradation of brominated high impact polystyrene and brominated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and removal of heteroelements (Br,N, and O) from degradation oil by multiphase catalytic systems

Brominated high-impact polystyrene (HIPS-Br), which contained decabromodiphenyl ether flame retardant, and brominated acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS-Br), which contained bromine-containing epoxy-type flame retardant, were degraded at 450°C individually and in a 1/1 mixture by a thermal and catalytic procedure using folded sheet mesoporous (FSM) and ZSM-5 zeolite in liquid phase contact mode. The two polymers produced similar degradation oils but at a higher yield for HIPS-Br. However, the composition and distribution of Br-, N-, and O-containing compounds depended on the type of flame retardant in HIPS-Br and ABS-Br. Multiphase catalytic systems consisting of FSM in liquid phase contact mode and various CaH-, FeO-, CoMo-, and NiMo-based catalysts, or combinations of these catalysts, in vapor phase contact mode were used to decrease the amount of heteroatoms (Br, N, and O) in the degradation oils. Each system gave particular results in terms of mass balance and concentrations of heteroatoms. A FSM (liquid phase contact)/CaHC (vapor phase contact) combination was the best catalytic system to remove Br-, N-, and O-containing compounds from degradation oils.