去除致嗅物质的不同填料曝气生物滤池的启动特性与去除效果比较

搭建了填料分别为生物陶粒(CPs)和颗粒活性炭(GAC)的2个曝气生物滤池(BAF)反应器,通过考察土嗅素和2-甲基异崁醇(2-MIB)这2种致嗅物质的去除效果和稳定周期,研究不同填料BAF的启动与挂膜特性。结果表明,在相同进水条件下,2种填料BAF去除溶解性总有机碳(DOC)的效率无明显差异,均在24 d时达到稳定,且DOC去除率均基本稳定在70%以上。2种填料BAF去除土嗅素和2-MIB所需的启动时间有较大差异,CPs-BAF启动时间分别为30和26 d,而GAC-BAF启动时间分别为62和43 d。GAC-BAF和CPs-BAF对土嗅素的去除率分别稳定在约95%和69%,前者的去除率和稳定性明显高于后者;GAC-BAF和CPs-BAF对2-MIB的去除率分别稳定在约75%和73%,两者相差不大,但前者的稳定性强于后者。     

Mechanical Property and Biodegradability of Cast Films Prepared from Blends of Oppositely Charged Biopolymers

Biodegradable cast films of about 50 m thickness were fabricated by blending oppositely charged biopolymers such as anionic starch–chitosan, and cationic starch–pectin. The tensile strength and elongation at break (%) of films were evaluated as well as their capacity to degrade in compost. Films recovered from soil every 48 h showed consistent degradation (weight loss), diminution of the polymers characteristic peak absorbance in the carbohydrate fingerprint region of the FTIR, and changes in the surface morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anionic starch–chitosan films had much superior tensile strength and elongation compared to cationic starch–pectin, suggesting that the ionic bonds formed between anionic-starch and positively charged groups in chitosan polymer were much more stable and stronger. Initially, both films lost about 36% weight within 96 h, which also correlated well with the loss in the characteristic absorption peaks in the region of the infrared spectrum typical of biopolymers. The total mineralization of films by microorganisms in compost soil was also measured using respirometric techniques. Though the rate of mineralization differed for two formulations, total mineralization (extent) for both films were achieved within 45 days.     

CHEMICAL METHOD OF PREVENTING LOSS OF INDUSTRIAL AND FRESH WATERS FROM PONDS,LAKES AND CANALS1

Preventing or markedly reducing the loss of aqueous fluids from a variety of reservoirs is becoming increasingly important. Fear of pollution from industrial waters and sewage impoundments as well as the economic factors involved in loss of fresh water add impact to this problem. This paper reviews the seriousness of the problem and methods that have been used to reduce loss of fluid are discussed. New materials for control of water loss are constantly being advocated, and chemical research has provided new systems that work extremely well. These systems, which combine unique chemicals and novel methods of application, are described. Specific case histories are also included.     

Natural and Artificial Functionalized Biopolyesters I. Chemoenzymatic Mediated Synthesis of Chiral Precursors

Design of optically active polymeric materials for temporary therapeutic and environmental applications requires the working-out of functionalized polymers with structures and properties adjusted to the considered applications. Biocompatibility of selected polymers is a required property in regard to the interactions between living organisms and macromolecular systems. It is therefore important to prepare highly optically active monomers and their corresponding hydrolyzable and biocompatible polymers. Bacterium Clostridium tetanomorphum is an useful source of enzymes for bioconversion and particularly in the chemoenzyrnatic route to optically active alkylmalolactonic acid esters and their optically pure stereoisomers. 3-Methylaspartase, involved in the glutamate fermentation pathway, is a very interesting enzyme, which can provide chiral precursors with high optically purity. This chemoenzymatic strategy can be used to prepare the four stereoisomers of 3-methylmalolaconic acid esters, by enzymatic resolution of natural and artificial stereoisomers of 3-methylaspartic acid. A series of 3-alkymalolactonic acid esters with alkyl equal to ethyl or isopropyl, have been also synthesized and transformed into corresponding optically active polyesters.     

Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) on extracellular polymers from Bacillus sp.F19

Biosorption can be an effective process for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions.The adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution on the extracellular polymers (EPS) from Bacillus sp.(named MBFF19) with respect to pH,incubation time,concentration of initial Cu(Ⅱ),and biosorbent dose was studied.Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) is highly pH dependent.The maximum uptake of Cu(Ⅱ) (89.62 mg/g) was obtained at pH 4.8.Biosorption equilibrium was established in approximately 10 min.The correlation coeffcient of mor...     

Effects of activated sludge flocs and pellets seeds on aerobic granule properties

Aerobic granules seeded with activated sludge flocs and pellets (obtained from activated sludge flocs) were cultivated in two sequencing batch reactors and their characteristics were compared. Compared with granules seeded with activated sludge flocs, those seeded with pellets had shorter start-up time, larger diameter, better chemical oxygen demand removal e ciency, and higher hydrophobicity, suspended solid concentration, and Mg2+ content. The di erent inocula led the granule surface with di erent microbial morphologies, but did not result in di erent distribution patterns of extracellular polymeric substances and cells. The anaerobic bacterium Anoxybacillus sp. was detected in the granules seeded with pellets. These results highlighted the advantage of pellet over activated sludge floc as the seed for aerobic granulation and wastewater treatment.     

长三角典型城郊流域生物可降解性有机质的分布及影响因素

快速城镇化改变了流域水体中碳的生物地球化学循环过程,生物可利用性的溶解性有机质组分是其中最为关键的一环,辨识生物可降解性有机质(BDOM)的时空分布特征及其影响因素对流域水质管控具有重要意义和应用价值.以长三角地区典型城郊流域樟溪为研究对象,根据流域地形特征、土地利用及人类活动强度布设监测点位,于2019年分别在雨季和旱季采样,利用三维荧光平行因子(EEM-PARAFAC)方法结合源汇景观模型研究流域水体BDOM的时空分布特征.结果表明,流域中生物可降解性有机碳浓度范围在0.57～6.80 mg·L^-1,且具有较高的时空异质性,人类活动强度较高的区域水体中BDOM的浓度也相对较高,且雨季显著高于旱季.EEM-PARAFAC分析结果表明,流域BDOM主要包括陆源腐殖质(C1)和类蛋白质类(C2)这2种荧光组分.流域BDOM及其陆源腐殖质荧光组分主要受土地利用和人类活动的影响,其浓度与农业及城镇用地比例和源汇景观负荷比(LWLI)关系密切,表明城镇化过程中人类活动是影响BDOM分布的重要因素.     

刚果红分子印迹聚合物纳米微球的合成及吸附性能

本研究以刚果红为模板分子,α-甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EGDMA)为交联剂,乙腈为致孔剂,2,2-偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,采用沉淀聚合法制备了刚果红分子印迹聚合物纳米微球(MIP).通过扫描、透射电镜对聚合物的结构和形貌进行了表征,结果显示制备的MIP微球的粒径在90 nm左右,粒径较为均匀.利用氮气吸附脱附实验测定了聚合物颗粒的比表面积和孔容.并对诸多吸附影响因素以及分子印迹聚合物的吸附能力、选择性和重复利用率进行了分析.结果表明,MIP对刚果红表现出较好的选择性识别能力,可多次循环使用,能用于染料废水中刚果红的选择性吸附.     

生物质成型燃料质量现状及对锅炉大气污染物排放影响分析

生物质成型燃料在锅炉上得到了广泛的应用.生物质成型燃料的质量对锅炉的环保有较大的影响.本文通过对深圳市工业锅炉使用的780个生物质成型燃料的质量进行检测,并对其对应使用的锅炉进行大气污染物排放的测试,得出生物质成型燃料的质量现状,并对表征其质量的几项主要指标对生物质成型燃料锅炉对应的大气污染物排放的影响进行了分析.     

新型保水剂应用于土壤-小白菜系统的环境安全评价

保水剂作为一种抗旱节水材料,有广泛应用于农业生产的潜在价值.以基于植物萃取物合成的新型保水剂为对象,通过设置不同给水条件(超量、正常及缺水3个条件)和保水剂施用方法(底施和喷施2种方法),研究了保水剂使用对土壤水分、团粒结构、小白菜生长、土壤微生物生物量及微生物呼吸的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,保水剂的施用可显著提高土壤含水率,促进土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)的形成,有利于土壤微生物活性的提高(P<0.05).特别是在缺水条件下,保水剂对土壤环境的改善效果更为明显.此外,保水剂的使用方式是影响其节水效果的重要因素.与正常水分条件下的空白相比,在不影响小白菜产量的前提下,喷施Jaguar C(JC)可减少灌溉用水量约25%;而与缺水条件的空白相比,喷施JC处理则可提高小白菜产量2倍以上.综合以上结果表明,该类保水剂的使用对土壤生态系统有较明显的改善,是环境安全的农业节水技术.