Ⅰ Ⅱ-ASBR中厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物组成及特性

在35℃下以奶粉人工合成废水为底物连续运行了两段厌氧反应器(ⅠⅡ-ASBR),且于ⅠⅡ两柱中形成了两种不同的厌氧颗粒污泥,为了解厌氧颗粒污泥的微生态结构及生物学特性,对ⅠⅡ两柱中厌氧颗粒污泥的形态及微生物组成进行扫描电镜观察,并测定了其不同基质中的比产甲烷活性、辅酶F420和胞外多聚物的含量。结果表明:ⅠⅡ-ASBR反应器ⅠⅡ两柱中厌氧颗粒污泥形态及微生物组成差异明显,Ⅰ柱的厌氧颗粒污泥大而密实,Ⅱ柱的较小,呈多孔的网状结构,Ⅰ柱中厌氧颗粒污泥以甲烷八叠球菌、球菌及短杆菌为主,丝状菌较少,Ⅱ柱则以丝状菌、短杆菌为主,球菌较少;Ⅰ柱颗粒污泥利用葡萄糖、甲酸、丙酸的产甲烷活性较高,利用乙酸的活性相对较低,Ⅱ柱颗粒污泥利用葡萄糖、乙酸的产甲烷活性较高,而利用甲酸、丙酸的产甲烷活性较低;辅酶F420的含量Ⅱ柱比Ⅰ柱明显要高,而胞外多聚物含量Ⅰ柱比Ⅱ柱的高。     

Removal of humic substances by biosorption

Fungal pellets of Aspergillus niger 405,Aspergillus ustus 326,and Stachybotrys sp.1103 were used for the removal of humic substances from aqueous solutions.Batchwise biosorption,carried out at pH 6 and 25°C,was monitored spectrophotometrically and the process described with Freundlich’s model.Calculated sorption coeffcients Kf and n showed that A.niger exhibited the highest effciency.A good match between the model and experimental data and a high correlation coeffcient(R2)pointed out to judicious choice of ...     

Biosorption of lead by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the form of pellets

The growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium(ATCC 24725) in pellets was influenced by culture time,medium pH,C/N,surfactant concentration,spore number in inoculum,and shaking rate.The removal of Pb^2 from aqueous solution by this kind of mycelial pellets was studied.The results indicated that many factors affected biosorption.These factors included pH,Pb^2 concentration,co-ion,adsorption time, and chemical pretreatments of biomass.Under optimum biosorption conditions(pH4.5,27℃,16h),the highest lead uptake of 108 mg/g,was observed with mycelial pellets of 1.5-1.7 mm in diameter which were treated with 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution before adsorption.Pretreatment of biomass with NaOH further increased its biosorption capacity.     

间歇梯度曝气的生活污水好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

本研究设置了3个SBR反应器R1、R2和R3,分别采用(A/O)_3-SBR梯度曝气、(A/O)_3-SBR恒定曝气和传统(A/O)-SBR方式运行,以实际城市生活污水为进水基质,探讨了不同曝气方式下的营养物去除性能和好氧颗粒污泥特性,为低强度城市污水的碳源合理利用提供合理的方式.由实验结果可知,R1、R2和R3中颗粒在稳定时期对COD的平均去除率分别为88.68%、 89.05%和88.96%,对TN的平均去除率分别为76.97%、 71.99%和64.92%,对TP的平均去除率分别为96.28%、 85.05%和78.97%,且反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例分别为25.52%、 19.60%和12.77%.结果表明,厌氧、好氧和缺氧交替的运行方式更有利于反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的富集,且梯度曝气较恒定曝气方式富集更多,这对碳源不足的低强度城市生活污水处理有重要意义;同时R1中曝气段溶解氧逐级降低,提高了颗粒同步硝化反硝化率和降低了能耗,有利于总氮(TN)的高效去除. 3组反应器在运行后期颗粒粒径分别为727.368、 815.072和895.041μm,且通过对颗粒进行显微观察可以看出, R2和R3中颗粒不如R1中密实.此外,R1、R2和R3运行后期PN/PS值分别为6.31、 5.63和4.83,颗粒稳定时期EPS含量(以VSS计)分别为103.97、 92.22和76.98 mg·g~(-1),表明间歇梯度曝气的方式有利于刺激EPS的分泌,尤其是PN的分泌,使PN/PS值较高,细胞疏水性增强,颗粒密实稳定.     

以可生物降解固体为碳源的城市污水厂尾水反硝化脱氮研究

针对城市污水厂尾水氮排放不达标的现象,提出以可生物降解聚合物作为固体碳源的反硝化生物滤池技术。研究结果表明,尾水中氮的去除率会随水力停留时间(HRT)的延长而增加,HRT≤8 h时,去除率增长速度较快;HRT>8 h时,脱氮效率增长趋于平缓。选用聚羟基丁酸戊酸共聚酯(PHBV)为碳源,HRT为8 h时脱氮效果最佳,连续稳定运行30 d,出水硝态氮的去除率达96.1%~97.4%,出水中总氮浓度达GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水标准。     

Measurement of Fruit and Vegetable Losses in Brazil: A Case Study

This research conducted on municipal solid waste management for the first time quantified food spoilage as being 8.8% weight of all officially collected household garbage in the Brazilian city under study. The unexpected size of this waste fraction gave rise to work on the causes of waste and on its distribution over the product life cycle specific to fruit and vegetables. Waste was defined as being the combination of losses and scraps. Administrative shortcomings were identified as basic reasons for waste. At the producer and consumer ends of the cycle, negligence was shown to be the single most important problem. Fruit and vegetables deteriorate during the operations of handling, transport, packaging, storage, selling and consumption. The study detailed the occurrence of waste at all of these stages. In the medium-size Brazilian city, the total waste of fruit and vegetables was shown to amount to 16.6% weight in the marketing stage of the life cycle. At the consumer level, it was measured as 3.4% weight of all household garbage. Specific reasons for this waste were identified at the levels of producer, wholesaler and retailer. Short-term remedies were pointed out that invariably corrected deficient management procedures. It was shown that very simple administrative measures can significantly reduce the spoilage of fruit and vegetables. Long-term strategies involve the creation of sample cases for administration of the fruit and vegetables life cycle at all stages.     

聚叠氮缩水甘油醚嵌段聚叠氮乙酸乙烯酯的合成及热稳定性研究

以聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)和4,4'-偶氮(4-氰基戊酸)(ACVA)为原料合成大分子引发剂(MI-GAP),用其引发氯乙酸乙烯酯自由基聚合,得到聚叠氮缩水甘油醚嵌段聚氯乙酸乙烯酯(GAP-bPVCA),最后将其叠氮化得到含能聚合物——聚叠氮缩水甘油醚嵌段聚叠氮乙酸乙烯酯(GAP-b-PVAA)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)对GAPb-PVAA的结构进行了表征。利用差热分析(DTA)、热重分析(TG)和微分热重分析(DTG)对GAP-b-PVAA的热稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,GAP-b-PVAA在空气中200℃未见分解;GAP-b-PVAA具有两个热失重过程,其中最大质量损失发生在228~243℃范围内,失重率为68.74%。GAP-b-PVAA热分解动力学参数由不同升温速率下的DTA表征数据,通过Kissinger方法和Ozawa方法计算得到,两种方法得到的表观活化能Ea数值相近,表明GAP-b-PVAA热稳定性良好,有望用于熔铸炸药中作为一种含能黏结剂。     

Determination of the carbon content of biomass—A prerequisite to estimate the complete biodegradation of polymers

This article presents a method to determine the carbon content of biomass, which is formed when degrading biodegradable polymers in an aerobic aqueous test system. Existing methods for determining the carbon content of biomass (e.g., fumigazation, protein assays, dry solids) have several disadvantages when applied for polymer degradation tests. In this work a protein assay based on the Lowry method was used. It was shown that the ratio between protein and carbon content is not constant but depends on the composition of the microbial population, the growth phase, and the substrate supply. This effect was used for the method presented in this article. For determining the carbon content of biomass the absorbance obtained by the Lowry test is correlated directly with the carbon content of biomass in dependence on the duration of the degradation test. The calibration curves are obtained by a mixed population of microorganisms during the course of a degradation test.     

Processing and characterization of a new biodegradable composite made of a PHB/V matrix and regenerated cellulosic fibers

In this study, a biodegradable composite consisting of a degradable continuous cellulosic fiber and a degradable polymer matrix—poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-poly(3-hydroxyvalerate (PHB/V with 19% HV)—was developed. The composite was processed by impregnating the cellulosic fibers on-line withPHB/V powder in a fluidization chamber. The impregnated roving was then filament wound on a plate and hot-pressed. The resulting unidirectional composite plates were mechanically tested and optically characterized by SEM. The fiber content was 9.9 ±0.9 vol% by volumetric determination. The fiber content predicted by the rule of mixture for unidirectional composites was 13.8 ±1.4 vol%. Optical characterization showed that the fiber distribution was homogeneous and a satisfactory wetting of the fibers by the matrix was achieved. Using a blower to remove excess matrix powder during processing increased the fiber content to 26.5 ±3.3 vol % (volumetric) or 30.0 ±0.4 vol% (rule of mixture). The tensile strength of the composite parallel to the fiber direction was 128 ±12 MPa (10 vol% fiber) up to 278 ±48 MPa (26.5 vol% fiber), compared to 20 MPa for the PHB/V matrix. The Young’s modulus was 5.8 ±0.5 GPa (10 vol% fiber) and reached 11.4 ±0.14 GPa (26.5 vol% fiber), versus 1 GPa for the matrix.     

Application of recombinant gene technology for production of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids: Biosynthesis of poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) homopolyester

Screening of a large number of bacteria revealed several strains, which utilize 1,4-butanediol and/or 4-hydroxybutyric acid (4HB) as a carbon source for growth and for synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHA) containing 4HB as one constituent among others (mostly 3-hydroxybutyric acid). However, none of the wild-type strains investigated in this study was able to produce a homopolyester consisting solely of 4HB. Only several poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-leaky mutants ofAlcaligenes eutrophus strain JMP222 synthesized poly(4HB) homopolyester, which amounted to approximately 10% (w/w) of the cellular dry matter. If the PHA synthase structural gene ofA. eutrophus strain H16 was expressed in these mutants, the amount of poly(4HB) was increased to approximately 30% (w/w). The occurrence of poly(4HB) was demonstrated by gas chromatographic as well as¹H and¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.