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61.
骆苑蓉  钱义谦  齐雅楠 《环境科学》2022,43(11):4869-4875
现代工业的发展使得塑料制品的使用量急剧增加,由此产生的大量废旧塑料垃圾在环境中裂解形成粒径更小的微塑料(<5 mm).由于微塑料结构稳定,分布广泛且生物可利用性低,在环境中长期存在,已经逐渐成为对海洋生态和环境造成巨大影响的重要污染物.近年的研究表明,自然环境中存在一些能降解这些难降解微塑料的微生物,微生物降解无二次污染且对环境扰动少,在微塑料的去除中具有很好地应用潜力,但亦有一些局限性.综述了环境中数量最多的聚乙烯微塑料的微生物降解研究现状,着重探讨了降解效果和量化方法.基于微塑料生物分解效率普遍较低的现状,开展进一步的研究还非常有必要.  相似文献   
62.
Most of the standardized biodegradation tests used to assess the ultimate biodegradation of environmentally degradable polymers are based solely on the determination of net evolved carbon dioxide. However, under aerobic conditions, it has to be considered that heterotrophic microbial consortia metabolize carbon substrates both to carbon dioxide and in the production of new cell biomass. It is generally accepted that in the relatively short term, 50% of the carbon content of most organic substrates is converted to CO2, with the remaining carbon being assimilated as biomass or incorporated into humus. The latter is particularly important when the metabolism of the organic matter occurs in a soil environment. A straightforward relationship between the free-energy content of a carbon substrate (expressed as the standard free-energy of combustion) and its propensity for conversion to new microbial biomass rather than mineralization to CO2 has been established. This can potentially lead to underestimation of biodegradation levels of test compounds, especially when they consist of carbon in a fairly low formal oxidation state and relatively high free-energy content. In the present work, the metabolism of different kind of carbon substrates, especially in soil, is reviewed and compared with our own experimental results from respirometric tests. The results show that conversion of highly oxidized materials, such as the commonly used reference materials, cellulose or starch, to CO2 may be significantly overestimated. The addition of glucosidic material to soil leads to greatly increased respiration and is accompanied by a very low conversion to biomass or humic substances. In contrast, relatively less oxidized substrates metabolize more slowly to give both CO2 and biomass to an extent which may be significantly underestimated if glucosidic materials are used as the reference. The need for an overall carbon balance taking into account both the carbon immobilized as biomass and that volatized as CO2 must be considered in standard respirometric procedures for assessing the biodegradability of slowly degrading macromolecules.  相似文献   
63.
An evaluation of the biodegradation by aerobic microorganisms was investigated for some organic compounds occurring in paper manufacturing technology. Lines of biodegradation for nine organic compounds, as a percentage removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), were detected over seven days incubation. The results of the biodegradability test clearly revealed that some of the organic compounds under investigation were highly biodegradable while others ranked from fairly biodegradable to non-biodegradable. Significant biodegradation results were recorded as COD removal, for anti-coating ester (95.0 percent), Basoplast 200D (85.3 percent) and Basoplast PR 8050 (87.6 percent). The bleaching agent (formamidin-sulfinic acid), Ukanol BSA and Solidurit KM demonstrated moderate biodegradation with results of 62.1 percent, 76.2 percent and 69.8 percent, respectively. Poor biodegradation results for Hedifix M/35 (12.7 percent), Basazol Orange (34.9 percent) and Basazol Brown (29.0 percent) were recorded. Accordingly, appropriate precautions should be taken into consideration when applying these compounds to paper manufacturing processes.  相似文献   
64.
Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.  相似文献   
65.
It is important to screen strains that can decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) completely and rapidly with good adaptability for bioremediation in a local area. A bacterial strain JM2, which uses phenanthrene as its sole carbon source, was isolated from the active sewage sludge from a chemical plant in Jilin, China and identified as Pseudomonas based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Although the optimal growth conditions were determined to be pH 6.0 and 37℃, JM2 showed a broad pH and temperature profile. At pH 4.5 and 9.3, JM2 could degrade more than 40% of fluorene and phenanthrene (50 mg/L each) within 4 days. In addition, when the temperature was as low as 4℃, JM2 could degrade up to 24% fluorene and 12% phenanthrene. This showed the potential for JM2 to be applied in bioremediation over winter or in cold regions. Moreover, a nutrient augmentation study showed that adding formate into media could promote PAH degradation, while the supplement of salicylate had an inhibitive effect. Furthermore, in a metabolic pathway study, salicylate, phthalic acid, and 9-fluorenone were detected during the degradation of fluorene or phenanthrene. In conclusion, Pseudomonas sp. JM2 is a high performance strain in the degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene under extreme pH and temperature conditions. It might be useful in the bioremediation of PAHs.  相似文献   
66.
碳源对工业污染场地土壤中HCHs和DDTs降解的促进作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
我国对有机氯农药的大量需求使得在农药生产、加工和分装等过程中造成了许多城镇中存在有机氯农药污染场地,限制了土地的后续开发利用.本研究选取3种类型的碳源组成有机修复剂A、B、C,添加到受有机氯工业污染场地土壤中进行微生物降解试验,并对比了3种修复剂的效果.试验过程中,反应体系水分含量为50%,添加零价金属调节氧化还原电位,采用好氧/厌氧交替循环方式进行生物降解.实验结果表明:3种修复剂对HCHs和DDTs的降解都有显著促进作用.与DDTs相比,HCHs较易降解.90 d内,添加修复剂(A、B、C)的处理中∑HCH的浓度分别从73.37~85.71 mg·kg-1降解到了15.88~38.21 mg·kg-1.与未添加修复剂的对照相比较,∑HCH的降解率提高了19%~52%,90 d内,ΣHCH的降解率最高可达81%.添加修复剂(A、B、C)的处理中ΣDDT的浓度分别从91.68~119.79 mg·kg-1降解到了45.1~60.7 mg·kg-1,相对未添加修复剂的对照试验,∑DDT的降解率提高了39%~45%,30 d内∑DDT的降解率最高可达到51%,但30 d后降解效率无明显增加.就不同类型碳源的促进作用来看,C/N最高,而含水率最低的修复剂B的效果最好,而C/N比最低而含水率最高的修复剂A效果最差.  相似文献   
67.
城市污水处理厂内分泌干扰物浓度分布和去除规律   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
王凌云  张锡辉  陶益 《环境科学学报》2012,32(11):2741-2747
采集南方某城市3个污水处理厂进出水及各工艺单元的水样,通过固相萃取-衍生化过程对水样进行预处理,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测水样中的17α-雌二醇(17α-E2)、雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌炔醇(EE2)、雌三醇(E3)、辛基酚(OP)、正壬基酚(NP)和双酚A(BPA)等8种内分泌干扰物(EDCs).连续4个季度的分析结果显示,3个污水厂进出水及各工艺单元中均有EDCs检出,EE2和BPA是含量最高的两种EDCs,出水中最高浓度分别达到498.9ng.L-1和2652.5ng.L-1,其他6种EDCs浓度均不超过100ng.L-1;生物处理工艺对EE2、E3、NP、OP和BPA有较高的去除率,平均去除率约为57%~85%,但对于E1、E2和17α-E2的去除率较低且不稳定;一级处理工艺对EDCs仅有低于18%的去除率;紫外辐照消毒工艺对EDCs的去除没有明显效果;EDCs浓度季节差异显著,由于雨水的稀释作用,旱季浓度约为雨季的2.5~7.8倍.本文对于了解我国南方地区污水处理工艺中EDCs类物质的分布和转化特点有一定的参考意义.  相似文献   
68.
采用HPLC-ESI-MS分析了铜绿假单胞杆菌诱变株MIG-N146的发酵液粗提物,发现其中含有15种鼠李糖脂同系物,临界胶束浓度(CMC)为0.125mmol.L-1,最小平均表面张力为29.2mN.m-1,表面活性良好.同时,通过摇瓶实验,考察了不同浓度鼠李糖脂(RL)对底泥中17α-炔雌醇(EE2)生物降解性的影响.结果表明,随着鼠李糖脂浓度的增加,EE2的生物降解速率常数k值逐渐增大,可生物降解性增强.在浓度低于2.0mmol.L-1的鼠李糖脂作用下,EE2的生物降解效率仅稍有提高;而浓度高于6.0mmol.L-1后,水/底泥混合体系中EE2的生物降解速率提高至1.346d-1以上,是无鼠李糖脂时的2.9倍以上.当鼠李糖脂浓度达到10.0mmol.L-1时,2d内混合体系中EE2的降解率可达到90%.HPLC-PDA检测显示,鼠李糖脂易被微生物降解,不会在环境中长期残留;EE2降解过程中检测出2种中间产物,鼠李糖脂会影响EE2代谢中间产物的相对含量,但不会改变EE2的代谢途径.  相似文献   
69.
介绍了生物修复有机污染的土壤和水体的研究进展,对微生物和酶处理的技术进行了详细讨论。降解有机物的微生物以白腐真菌为代表,可有效降解多环芳烃;降解有机物的酶以过氧化物酶和水解酶为代表,分别能够降解芳香族化合物和有机农药。  相似文献   
70.
多环芳烃(PAHs)因其具有"三致"作用对生态系统产生潜在威胁.微生物降解是多环芳烃降解的主要途径之一,筛选出能高效降解多环芳烃的菌株是微生物修复技术的关键.本文采用富集培养的方法从多环芳烃污染的污泥中分离到1株以芘为唯一碳源的菌株LX2,经形态观察、生理生化和16S rDNA鉴定,LX2属于铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.LX2).菌株在含芘浓度为50 mg·L-1的无机盐液体培养基中培养21 d对芘的降解效率达32.1%.经GC-MS分析发现,Pseudomonas sp.LX2降解芘的中间代谢产物主要有4,5-二氢芘、2''-羟基苯丙酮、苯酚、原儿茶酚.基于鉴定的代谢产物得出芘通过"萘"和"邻苯二甲酸"两种不同的途径被铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.LX2)降解.  相似文献   
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