地下含水层中污染物生物降解的机制和数值模拟

对地下含水层污染物生物降解的数学模型建模原则作了补充,对一维均匀介质定常流下生物降解过程进行了模拟研究。对模型适用性的验证结果表明：模型的模拟结果与已发表的模拟结果和已有的实测结果较为一致。对细菌生物降解机制模拟试验结果表明：降解过程是高度非线性相互作用过程,除个别参数有明显趋向作用外,多数过程相应参数的影响后果由特定条件决定。而模型正是能预报这些作用的详细过程。     

杀灭菊酯的微生物降解及酶促降解

测定了降解菌ＹＦ１１及其胞内酶对杀灭菊酯的降解特性,在纯培养系统中,菌量为ＯＤ４１５ｎｍ０．２０时,ＹＦ１１对大于３０ｍｇ／Ｌ的杀灭菊酯的降解呈零级动力学特征,浓度为３０￣１００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,降解速率为１．８７６－２．１２４ｍｇ／（Ｌ·ｈ）;浓度大于２００ｍｇ／Ｌ的杀灭菊酯对降解菌ＹＦ１１的降解产生抑制作用,降解速率与菌量近似成正比关系,１０ｍｇ／Ｌ杀灭菊酯的降解曲线呈一级动力学特征。从ＹＦ１１提取     

一株苯噻草胺降解菌的系统发育分类及其降解特性研究

自污水处理厂好氧活性污泥中分离到1株Y1菌株,该菌株具有较强的降解酰胺类除草剂苯噻草胺的能力.基于部分16SrDNA和生理生化特性分析,鉴定该菌为多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacteriummultivolum).Y1菌株能有效地降解除草剂苯噻草胺,在1周内的降解率约为90%.其最适生长温度为28℃,最佳降解温度为32℃;在pH值为5～9范围内能保持对苯噻草胺的降解能力.Y1菌株经苯噻草胺诱导后具有一条相对分子量约为100k的特异性蛋白条带,而且在诱导1年的菌株中,该条带更明显.     

单歧藻富集和降解烷基酚类化合物的动力学过程

选择单歧藻(Tolypothrix)研究其对苯酚、邻甲酚、间甲酚和4-辛基酚的生物富集过程及生物降解动力学。5d内单歧藻的生长经历了停滞期、对数期、静止期3个阶段;苯酚、邻甲酚、间甲酚、4-辛基酚的生物富集因子(BCF)平均值为4 59,3 87,5 82,292 48,与KOW值线性相关;单歧藻平均每天降解苯酚、邻甲酚、间甲酚、4-辛基酚分别为2 54,3 17,1 84,0 16mg L;用新近提出的二级反应动力学方程拟合其降解过程,得到它们的生物降解二次动力学常数K分别为0 386,0 500,0 254,0 023,K值由污染物的初始浓度决定并与分子量(M)线性相关,K=-0 003M+0 69,R=0 87,N=4。      

2株海洋石油降解细菌的降解能力

为实施海洋石油污染的生物治理,从厦门储油码头油污水中分离得到了2株石油降解菌.它们能够在以柴油、萘或芘为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,并适应于海洋环境的温度、pH和盐度.它们对萘都有很强的降解能力,3d内降解率可达87.53%和84.01%;7 d内对芘降解率分别为8.35%、5.37%.经16S rDNA同源性分析表明2菌株之间及其与施氏假单胞菌的同源性皆为99%;Biolog生化鉴定也表明它们为不同的菌株.通过兼并PCR扩增,序列分析发现2种菌编码完全相同的萘双加氧酶基因,该基因与其它假单胞菌的萘双加氧酶大亚基有98%同源性.     

2,6-二叔丁基酚降解菌的降解特性研究

从腈纶废水处理构筑物的生物膜中分离、筛选得到1株能降解2,6-二叔丁基酚的菌株,经驯化,其对2,6-二叔丁基酚的降解率提高了26%,具有了较高降解能力.经形态和生理生化鉴定,该菌株属于产碱菌属(Alcaligenes sp.).通过摇瓶试验考察了生长条件对菌株的生长和底物降解的影响,得出该菌株的最适生长条件为温度37℃,初始pH为7.0,接种量为0.1%.在该条件下,对初始底物浓度为100mg/L的降解过程进行了考察,结果表明其11d的降解率达62.4%,而且降解过程符合Eckenfelder动力学模型,半衰期为9.38d.还对不同初始底物浓度对菌株降解性能的影响进行了研究,结果表明最佳初始底物浓度为200mg/L,当小于该值时,初始底物浓度的增加促进该菌株的生长和底物的降解,而当大于这个值时,则起抑制作用.     

Experiments and modelling of phenanthrene biodegradation in the aqueous phase by a mixed culture

Pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） is widespread due to tmsuitable disposal of industrial waste. They are mostly defined as priority pollutants by environmental protection authorities worldwide. Phenanthrene, a typical PAH, was selected as the target in this paper. The PAH-degrading mixed culture, named ZM, was collected from a petroleum contaminated river bed. This culture was injected into phenanthrene solutions at different concentrations to quantify the biodegradation process. Results show near-complete removal of phenanthrene in three days of biodegradation if the initial phenanthrene concentration is low. When the initial concentration is high, the removal rate is increased but 20%-40% of the phenanthrene remains at the end of the experiment. The biomass shows a peak on the third day due to the combined effects of microbial growth and decay. Another peak is evident for cases with a high initial concentration, possibly due to production of an intermediate metabolite. The pH generally decreased during biodegradation because of the production of organic acid. Two phenomenological models were designed to simulate the phenanthrene biodegradation and biomass growth. A relatively simple model that does not consider the intermediate metabolite and its inhibition of phenanthrene biodegradation cannot fit the observed data. A modified Monod model that considered an intermediate metabolite （organic acid） and its inhibiting reversal effect reasonably depicts the experimental results.     

Adaptability of microbial inoculators and their contribution to degradation of mineral oil and PAHs

Five dominant bacteria strains（A cetobacter sp., Alcdigenes sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.） and five fungi strains （Cephalosporium sp. Ⅰ, Cephalosporlum sp. Ⅱ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅰ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅱ and Fusarium sp.） isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil were used to assess the potential capability of mineral oil and PAH enhanced degradation separately and jointly using the batch liquid medium cultivation with diesel oil spiked at 1000 mg/L. The experiment was performed on a reciprocal shaker in the darkness at 25℃ to 30℃ for 100 d. The dynamic variation in the activity of microbial inoculators in each treatment and the degradation of the target pollutants during the period of experiment were monitored. Results showed a more rapid biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs at the beginning of the experiment （about 20 d） by dominant bacteria, fungi and their mixture than that of the indigenous microorganisms, however, thereafter an opposite trcnd was exhibited that the removal ratio by indigenous microorganisms was superior to any other dominant treatments and the tendency lasted till the end of the experiment, indicating the limited competitive capability of dominant microorganisms to degrade the contaminants, and the natural selection of indigenous microorganisms for use in the removal of the contaminants. At the end of the experiment, the removal ratio of mineral oil ranged from 56.8 % to 79.2 % and PAHs ranged from 96.8 % to 99.1% in each treatment by microbial inoculators,     

间氟苯酚的好氧生物降解性及降解途径研究

利用活性污泥法考察了间氟苯酚的好氧生物降解性.结果表明,100 mg/L间氟苯酚经16 h降解,溶液中基本检测不到间氟苯酚,有机氟原子几乎全部降解为无机氟离子.间氟苯酚可以用作微生物生长的唯一碳源和能源,活性污泥中的微生物可以有效地降解间氟苯酚.利用高效液相色谱和色质联机技术研究了间氟苯酚的好氧生物降解途径,研究表明间氟苯酚首先羟基化生成中间产物氟邻苯二酚,羟基化中间产物通过邻位途经裂解开环,然后环化脱氟.     

生物铁法去除维生素B1生产废水中COD的试验研究

生物铁法是一种新型的强化活性污泥法,处理高浓度、难生物降解维生素B1生产废水具有很大的优势.当进水COD浓度维持在8000 mg/L时,COD的去除率可达94%以上,比普通活性污泥法高出9.7%.生物铁法污泥絮凝沉淀效果好,能保证系统有较高浓度的回流污泥,从而使曝气池的污泥浓度得到提高,COD的去除率也会相应地提高.