酚类化合物抑制斜生栅藻生长的毒性效应

本文运用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法,得出苯酚,邻氯苯酚、２,４－二氯苯酚和五氯酚抑制斜生栅藻生长的９６ｈ－ＥＣ５０分别为３４１．８５,２５和１．５ｍｇ·１＾－１,实验结果表明,在３００,３５０和４００ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１三种本酚初始浓度下,斜生栅藻都不具备降解苯酚的能力,即使在培养基中基本没有无机碳源的情况下,斜生栅藻仍不具备降解苯酚的能力。     

苯甲酸类化合物的微生物降解研究

用富集培养法从工业污水中分离到5个能以苯甲酸为唯一碳源和能源而生长的细苗菌株：不动杆菌（Acinetobactersp.）BJ1,无色杆菌（Achromobactersp.）BY1,假单胞苗（Pseudomonasspp.）SJ1、SY1和SH1、测定了这5个菌株的底物特异性和抗菌素抗性其中BJ1菌株含有1个大质粒和2个小质位在最适培养条件下BJ1菌株对苯甲酸的降解率达98％以上．     

Anaerobic nonylphenol ethoxylate degradation coupled to nitrate reduction in a modified biodegradability batch test

The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor on the biodegradation of NPEO. We have characterized the products of NPEO degradation by mixed microbial communities in anaerobic batch tests by means of HPLC, ¹H NMR and GC–MS. Anaerobic degradation of NPEO was strictly dependent on the presence of nitrate. Within seven days of anoxic incubation, NP2EO appeared as the major degradation product. After 21 days, NP was the main species detected, and was not degraded further even after 35 days. Nitrate concentration decreased in parallel with NPEO de-ethoxylation. A transient accumulation of nitrite was observed within the time period in which NP formation reached its maximum production. The observed generation of nonylphenol coupled to nitrate reduction suggests that the microbial consortium possessed an alternate pathway for the degradation of NPEO, which was not accessible under aerobic conditions.     

石油污染的修复与处理技术

随着工业化进程的不断发展,石油及其制品的污染问题也日趋严重。由于各种原因导致的石油及其制品的泄漏,对土壤和水体造成严重危害,并最终威胁到人类的健康。本文主要介绍了受石油污染环境的几种修复技术及处理方法,比较与分析了各种方法的优点及存在的问题,同时指出了石油污染治理方面的最新研究进展以及发展方向。     

Use of a novel biomarker,botryococcane, to monitor biodegradation of two lacustrine‐sourced crude oils

Bioremediation is a proven alternative for remediating petroleum‐impacted soils at exploration and production (E&P) sites. Monitoring remediation performance can involve detection and quantification of biodegradation resistant compounds such as C₃₀17α(H),21β(H)‐hopane, which requires the use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). Due to the remoteness of many E&P sites, this technology is not always available, and alternative methods are needed to provide reliable quantitative measurements of petroleum remediation efficiency. This study provides a detailed chemical characterization of lacustrine‐sourced crude oils and a technical basis for measuring the effectiveness of bioremediation efforts for soil impacted by those crudes. We show that the novel isoprenoid hydrocarbon botryococcane is relatively stable in lacustrine‐sourced crude oils compared with C₃₀17α(H),21β(H)‐hopane under moderate biodegradation conditions generally observed in field samples. We have also demonstrated that, due to the stability and relatively elevated concentration of botryococcane in lacustrine oils, it can be reliably measured using the more cost‐effective and available GC/FID methodology, and thereby be used to monitor the progress of ongoing soil bioremediation activities at remote sites.     

1株高效BBP降解菌的分离与特性研究

从湖北省荆沙河泥样中富集培养分离得到了1株能够以邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯为唯一碳源和能源生长的细菌并命名为HS-B1.采用形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定,发现HS-B1是1株杆状、需氧、革兰氏阴性细菌,接触酶呈阳性反应,氧化酶呈阴性反应,不产硫化氢气体,且该菌的16S rDNA序列与琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii)的相似性高达99%.因此初步鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.).摇瓶实验表明,菌株HS-B1生长和BBP降解的最适培养条件为35℃,pH 8.0.采用0.10 mmol.L-1非离子型表面活性剂吐温-80提高了BBP在水溶液中的表观溶解度,发现在最适培养条件下,HS-B1能够在48 h内将浓度为1 000 mg.L-1BBP完全降解,证明是一株高效降解菌.底物广谱性实验中,菌株HS-B1也能够有效利用DMP、DEP、DBP等邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,说明该菌株在处理邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的污染治理中有独特的应用潜力.     

三苯基锡的微生物降解及其对降解菌的影响

为了探明三苯基锡(TPhT)微生物降解途径,分析TPhT生物降解机制,及降解过程TPhT对降解菌的毒性影响,采用Biolog法研究了克雷伯氏菌处理不同浓度TPhT后菌体利用碳源能力的改变,并利用GC-MS和X射线光电子能谱检测了TPhT的降解产物.处理2 h后,1 mg.L-1TPhT对降解菌利用碳源的促进作用最强.原子力显微镜观察发现,降解TPhT后部分菌体内含物流失,细胞凋亡,但大部分菌体保持完整形态,对照菌体表面出现细小褶皱.胞内酶在120 h内对3 mg.L-1TPhT的降解率即可达66.0%,效果明显优于菌体细胞.综合GC-MS和XPS分析结果发现,TPhT降解过程会产生二苯基锡(DPhT)和一苯基锡(MPhT),并最终形成无机的Sn4+.     

二氯甲烷降解菌Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

对分离筛选到1株能以二氯甲烷(DCM)为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13进行降解特性研究.在初始菌体浓度0.82 mg.L-1、pH 7.0和温度30℃的条件下,M.rhodesianum H13能够于23 h内将5 mmol.L-1DCM完全降解,细胞得率(细胞/DCM)为0.136 g.g-1.随着DCM的降解,溶液中的Cl-浓度逐渐升高(释放的Cl-浓度约为DCM的2倍),溶液pH值降至6.75,呈弱酸性.通过摇瓶实验考察了温度、pH、DCM浓度、Cl-等因素对菌株H13降解DCM性能的影响,获得其较适宜的生长和降解条件为:温度30℃、pH值7.0.研究还发现M.rhodesianum H13降解DCM的最适浓度为5 mmol.L-1,高浓度的DCM会抑制其降解.研究成果对高效处理环境中的DCM污染具有重要的应用价值.     

模拟曝气生物滤池去除邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯试验研究

采用陶粒滤料曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)模拟废水,考察了空床接触时间(EBCT)、温度对DEHP去除效果的影响,运用气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析了中间降解产物并推测其可能的降解途径.结果表明,当温度为25℃,空床接触时间(EBCT)为8 h时,BAF对DEHP的降解效果良好,去除率达到90.3%;BAF对DEHP的去除率随着温度的升高和EBCT的增加而增大,EBCT为去除效果的主要影响因素;BAF对DEHP的降解满足一级反应动力学方程.BAF出水中检测到邻苯二甲酸单2-乙基己基酯(MEHP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基酯2-乙基己基酯(BEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)以及邻苯二甲酸(PA)等降解产物,据此推测邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的生物降解途径可能为其长烷基支链先断裂为较短的直链,而后断裂一个酯键形成单酯,接着再断裂另一酯键形成邻苯二甲酸,最终分解成二氧化碳和水.     

膜生物反应器处理一氧化氮废气研究

采用中空纤维膜生物反应器处理一氧化氮(NO)废气,考察系统长时间运行稳定性、闲置后恢复生物降解情况,研究了进气浓度、停留时间、液体喷淋量及pH对氮氧化物净化效率与传质系数的影响.膜生物反应器实现了100 d长时间高效稳定运行,闲置38 d后能在l周内迅速恢复;膜生物反应器对NO的净化效率最高可达93.8％,适宜运行条件:液体pH值为7.4,气体停留时间为32 s,液体喷淋量为3 mL· min-,其对应的膜传质系数为7.39×10-5 mol·m-2·s-l.膜生物反应器提高系统的NO传质效率,增强了降解效果,具有较好的抗负荷冲击能力,能适应非连续性生产的要求.