臭氧对农业生态系统影响的综合评估：以长江三角洲为例

如何评价和预测近地层臭氧(O3)浓度持续升高对作物的影响是污染生态学研究的热点之一.依据改进的开顶式气室(Open-top chamber,OTC)实验资料,建立了我国长江三角洲地区O3与3种典型农作物(水稻、冬小麦和油菜)的剂量-响应(Dose-response)函数,并对该地区2003年作物产量损失进行了综合估算.研究结果表明:1)水稻、冬小麦和油菜3种作物的O3临界水平值分别为7.434、2.280和7.328ppm·h,冬小麦最为敏感;2)O3污染已造成该地区较为严重的产量损失,2003年水稻、冬小麦和油菜分别减产3.04%、17.08%和5.92%,经济损失达到5.76、7.68和2.61亿元.长江三角洲地区高浓度O3污染必须引起足够的重视。     

施氮对稻麦轮作系统综合增温潜势的影响

采用典型区域田间试验结合生物地球化学模型（DNDC模型）,以上海市崇明岛为例对稻麦轮作系统作物产量和温室气体排放进行了模拟研究。结果表明：DNDC模型能较好地模拟田间实测到的稻麦轮作系统温室气体排放通量。在常规用量的80%~150%之间增施氮肥对作物产量无显著增加,但稻麦轮作系统综合温室效应呈递增趋势。东滩农业园区稻麦轮作系统最优施氮量为常规用量的6298%,此时单位产量增温潜势（Global Warming Potential,GWP）最小,作物产量为12 8775 kg/(hm2〖DK〗·a),综合温室效应较常规施氮降低3670%。长江下游地区稻麦两熟制农业生态系统能够通过合理控制农田氮肥用量减少温室气体排放净通量,降低作物单位产量GWP     

Large‐Scale Fine‐Resolution Hydrological Modeling Using Parameter Regionalization in the Missouri River Basin

This study simulated crop and water yields in the Missouri River Basin (MRB; 1,371,000 km²), one of the largest river basins in the United States, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) at a fine resolution of 12‐digit Hydrological Unit Codes (HUCs) using the regionalization calibration approach. Very few studies have simulated the entire MRB, and those that have developed were at a coarser resolution of 8‐digit HUCs and were minimally calibrated. The MRB was first divided into three subbasins and was further divided into eleven regions. A “head watershed” was selected in each region and was calibrated for crop and water yields. The parameters from the calibrated head watershed were extrapolated to other subwatersheds in the region to complete comprehensive spatial calibration. The simulated crop yields at the head watersheds were in close agreement with observed crop yields. Spatial validation of the aggregated crop yields resulted in reasonable predictions for all crops except dryland corn in a few regions. Simulated and observed water yields in head watersheds and also in the validation locations were in close agreement in naturalized streams and poor agreement in streams with high groundwater‐surface water interactions and/or reservoirs found upstream of the gauges. Overall, the SWAT model was able to reasonably capture the hydrological and crop growth dynamics occurring in the basin despite some limitations.     

Updraft gasification of juniper wood biomass using CO2–O2 and Air (N2–O2)

Biomass gasification is being considered as one of the most promising technologies for converting low-quality solid biomass fuel into gaseous fuel. Redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii), one of the woody species that dominate uncultivated lands in the southern great plains, USA, may have a great potential for bioenergy utilization. In this study, the results of gasification of juniper are presented. Juniper wood chips were gasified in an adiabatic fixed bed updraft gasifier using air and the mixture gas of carbon dioxide and oxygen (CO₂:O₂) as gasification medium. The effect of gasification parameters such as moisture contents, gasification mediums, and gasification temperature on produced gas properties and the tar yield were investigated. It was observed that oxy fuel gasification (the reaction of woody fuels with carbon dioxide) of juniper resulted in the increase of production of carbon monoxide, especially at higher peak gasification temperatures. As a result, the CO₂ gasification resulted in producing higher heating value gas (6264 kJ/nm³ with dilution of CO₂ and 19,750 kJ/nm³ inert free) compared to air gasification. For air gasification, it was observed that the updraft gasification produced large amount of the tar in the product gas (more than 100 g/nm³) for the fuels with moisture content between 6% and 11%. Generally, the tar yield increased with the increase of equivalence ratio (er) and moisture content. However, when the fuel moisture content reached 23.5%, the tar yield reduced significantly due low gasification temperature which reduced the less tar cracking.     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅰ. 作物产量

在辽宁西部褐土上历时10 a的田间试验结果表明：氮肥对提高作物产量效果最好,平均增产率50%,平均每千克 N增产粮食21 kg。供试褐土富磷,试验前3 a施磷肥不显增产作用,之后增产明显,10 a平均增产率10.9%,平均每千克 P增产粮食47 kg。供试褐土富钾,连续10 a施钾肥不显增产作用。 在施用化肥基础上每年以60%收获产品直接堆腐回田,可比对应的化肥处理分别增产（10 a平均）40.6%（无肥对照）、19.5%（N肥基础）、12.1%（NP肥）和8.1%（NPK肥）,平均年增产粮食（混合、烘干）分别为1.54、1.08、0.79、0.52 t/hm2。养分循环再利用的作物增产效益在试验的10 a中有着逐年增长的趋势,表明以堆肥形式循环回田养分的作物增产作用有着明显的残效叠加效应。     

农桐复合经营的研究进展和趋势

论述了华北平原农桐复合经营的发展历史、现状和研究进展,提出了今后应该加强的研究领域     

葫芦岛市土壤、蔬菜重金属污染空间变化规律

采用Ｋrige插值法分析葫芦岛市土壤重金属的空间变化规律,测定葫芦岛市土壤、蔬菜、粮食中Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的含量,应用指数方程和幂指数方程描述重金属与污染源的关系,分析土壤重金属的来源,并通过对当地种植和市售蔬菜、粮食重金属的比较,研究冶炼-氯碱工业对土壤与农作物生态系统的影响.结果发现葫芦岛市土壤受到重金属污染严重,Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的平均含量分别是1.422、 443.1、 60.94、 4 084、 247.8 mg·kg^-1,最大值分别达到6.092、 3 195、 341.7、 35 157、 1 557 mg·kg^-1,Cd、Zn污染属于重污染,Hg、Pb、Cu属于中度污染.土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的污染主要呈现以葫芦岛锌厂为中心,向外围辐散降低的规律,其中Hg还受到氯碱工业的影响.葫芦岛市土壤重金属主要来源于大气沉降,指数方程和幂指数方程均能很好地描述Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu在土壤中随距离的变化趋势.地产农作物的重金属含量远高于市售农作物,则进一步说明了重金属对葫芦岛市土壤生态系统带来了严重影响.     

华中地区水旱轮作模式下水稻季施氮肥对油菜季施氮肥土壤N2O排放的影响

设置了水稻季与油菜季均不施用氮肥(N0-0);水稻季施用氮肥150 kg·hm-2(以N计,下同),油菜季不施用氮肥(N150-0);水稻季与油菜季均施用氮肥150 kg·hm-2(N150-150);水稻季不施用氮肥,油菜季施用氮肥150 kg·hm-2(N0-150)4种施肥处理,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对旱作油菜季N_2O的排放进行了原位观测(2016年9月—2017年4月),研究了华中地区水旱轮作模式下水稻季施肥对油菜季土壤N_2O排放的影响.结果表明,油菜季N_2O排放主要集中在施基肥后1周内.N0-0、N150-0、N150-150和N0-150处理N_2O排放通量变化范围分别为-10.81~181.26、-20.48~95.61、-8.87~638.56和-21.76~827.86μg·m-2·h-1,平均排放通量分别为4.58、3.89、21.06和27.24μg·m-2·h-1,N_2O累积排放量分别为0.20、0.17、0.92和1.19 kg·hm-2,施氮肥处理(N150-150和N0-150)N_2O排放量显著高于不施氮肥处理(N0-0、N150-0)(p0.05).N150-150和N0-150处理N_2O排放通量与土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)具有显著正相关关系(p0.05);N150-150和N0-150处理N_2O排放通量与土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)和无机氮(NO-3-N和NH+4-N)具有显著正相关关系(p0.01).以上结果表明,油菜季N_2O排放与稻季施用氮肥无关,施氮肥对土壤活性氮含量的影响是导致N_2O排放差异的主要原因,而土壤孔隙充水率也是影响油菜季N_2O排放的重要环境因子.     

天然富硒土地划定的富硒阈值

提出适用全国的土壤富硒阈值是查明我国富硒土地资源和发展特色农业的关键.利用我国最近10 a采集的10222套大宗农作物根系土-作物籽实协同调查数据,基于大宗农作物-土壤线性模型和人群硒摄入量对富硒阈值进行初步估算探索,最终通过建立土壤富硒率和作物籽实富硒率协同分析模型,提出了适用全国的富硒阈值:水田土壤中总硒含量≥0....     

华北平原不同农田管理措施对于土壤碳库的影响

华北平原是我国重要的粮食生产基地,土壤碳氮水平直接作用于区域的土壤肥力和粮食生产.通过长期定位实验,研究了包括自然恢复(F)、清茬翻耕(N)、秸秆还田免耕(S)和秸秆还田翻耕(TS)这4个处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)、全碳(TS)、全氮(TN)含量和储量以及13C和15N分布状况.结果表明,与F相比,在0~20 cm土层,N、S和TS的土壤有机碳储量分别降低21.6%、12.3%和3.4%,土壤无机碳储量变化不显著.在20~40 cm土层,土壤有机碳储量变化不显著,而3个农田耕作处理的土壤无机碳储量较F分别增加4.1%(N)、7.3%(S)和5.0%(TS),无机碳增加主要是次生碳酸盐的贡献,农田土壤PIC增加了97%~261%.与自然恢复地相比,农田土壤表层δ15N、δ13CSIC、δ13CSOC偏高且δ13CSOC达显著差异,20~40 cm土层δ15N、δ13CSIC偏低而δ13CSOC偏高.该地区农田土壤中原生碳酸盐以分解作用为主,土壤-作物系统通过增加CO_2含量促进次生碳酸盐的形成,秸秆还田是恢复农田耕作引起土壤碳库储存下降的有效措施.对于华北平原,今后应加强关于秸秆还田和耕作措施对土壤有机碳和无机碳影响的综合研究,对于表层以下层次土壤的碳转化和变化规律需要更多的长期观测.