Substrate-induced changes in microbial community-level physiological profiles and their application to discriminate soil microbial communities

The addition of simple substrates could affect the microbial respiration in soils. This substrate-induced respiration is widely used to estimate the soil microbial biomass, but little attention has been paid to its influence on the changes of community-level physiological profiles. In this study, the process of microbial communities responding to the added substrate using sole-carbon-source utilization （BIOLOG） was investigated. BIOLOG is biased toward fast-growing bacteria; this advantage was taken to detect the prompt response of the active microbial communities to the added substrate. Four soil samples from agricultural fields adjacent to heavy metal mines were amended with L-arginine, citric acid, or D-glucose. Substrate amendments could, generally, not only increase the metabolic activity of the microbial communities, but also change the metabolic diverse patterns compared with no-substrate control. By tracking the process, it was found that the variance between substrate-induced treatment and control fluctuated greatly during the incubation course, and the influences of these three substrates were different. In addition, the application of these induced changes to discriminate soil microbial communities was tested. The distance among all samples was greatly increased, which further showed the functional variance among microbial communities in soils. This can be very useful in the discrimination of microbial communities even with high similarity.     

Validation of an agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed, China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province. China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data onten storms. Thedata on eight stormsin 2002 were used for calibration while data on two stormswere used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0. 99 and 0. 98 for runoff, 0. 94 and 0. 95 forthe peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0. 76 forthe sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak nmofr rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivitv and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.     

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...     

Improved speciation of dissolved organic nitrogen in natural waters: amide hydrolysis with fluorescence derivatization

The objective of this study was to improve primary-amine nitrogen (1°-N) quantification in dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from natural waters where inorganic forms of N, which may cause analytical interference, are commonly encountered. Efforts were targeted at elucidating organic-N structural criteria influencing the response of organic amines to known colorimetric and fluorescent reagents and exploring the use of divalent metal-assisted amide hydrolysis in combination with fluorescence analyse...     

山东省滨海旅游度假区水体环境典型全氟化合物污染特征及潜在生态风险

近年来,滨海旅游度假区蓬勃发展,其水体环境质量对人体健康有直接影响;全氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)在各环境介质中普遍被检出,因其潜在的毒性而引起广泛关注.以山东省20个滨海旅游度假区水和沉积物为对象,对其中12种典型PFASs的污染特征及其潜在生态风险进行了系统研究.结果表明,在20个度假区所有水体和绝大多数沉积物样品中12种PFASs都被检出;水和沉积物中PFASs的平均含量分别为67.91 ng·L^-1和5.89 ng·g^-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctanesulfonic acid,PFOS)都是含量占绝对优势的物质;不同度假区水和沉积物中PFASs总含量(ΣPFASs)及各同系物的含量具有明显差异;在不同度假区水/沉积物体系12种PFASs的分配系数差异明显,长链PFASs(碳原子数≥7)具有更大的分配系数;城市工业废水和生活污水的排放是度假区水和沉积物PFASs的主要来源,水体盐度和沉积物有机质含量不是PF...     

城市污水厂污泥内循环自热高温微好氧消化的处理

利用一种新型的内循环自热式污泥高温微好氧消化装置对城市污泥进行消化处理。通过在反应器中增加内筒的方法,使得内筒中污泥通过搅拌器的提升作用在内外筒之间循环以提高消化速率。结果表明,增加内筒之后,消化系统的污泥VS去除率在第16天达到了41.52%,而未添加内筒的反应器污泥到第20天时仍未到达稳定化水平。因此,加了内筒的单段式ATAD消化反应器与不加内筒的单段式ATAD消化反应器相比可以使得污泥更快地达到稳定状态。另外,与没有内筒相比,增加内筒后反应器顶部和底部的ORP和pH值均维持较高水平,消除了曝气死角。增加内筒后,顶部和底部污泥上清液中SCOD、VFA、TN、NH4+-N和TP浓度基本保持一致,而没有内筒则相差较大,表明增加内筒后,反应器内污泥混合更加均匀。     

活性污泥和生物膜复合模型的建立与模拟

针对近年来出现的城市污水处理厂活性污泥和生物膜复合工艺,首先建立了能同时描述碳氧化、脱氮和除磷的修正ASM1（Activated Sludge Model No.1）,以及与ASM1中微生物生长过程速率方程结构形式相同、物理意义明确的生物膜模型。然后将该生物膜模型与修正的ASM1相结合,形成了活性污泥和生物膜复合模型,利用VB6.0编写了相应的模拟软件。以西安市第五污水处理厂复合工艺为对象,对其碳、氮和磷的去除进行模拟,结果表明该模型可以较好地反映出水各污染指标的变化规律。通过对进水流量、填料区的位置及填料区填料的投加率进行模拟,为填料区的优化和系统运行提出了建议。     

不同生境氨氮浓度及悬浮污泥对厌氧氨氧化生物膜特性的协同影响

生物膜技术是厌氧氨氧化工艺应用的关键,但关于不同生境氨氮浓度和悬浮污泥协同作用下形成的生物膜特性鲜有报道。本研究在推流式固定生物膜-活性污泥反应器中,发现在高氨氮浓度下生长的生物膜具有较高的污泥量和厚度,但低氨氮浓度生长的生物膜具有更高的厌氧氨氧化菌丰度((4.91±0.65)×10⁹ 拷贝数·g⁻¹,P<0.05)和厌氧氨氧化比活性(6.53 mg·(g·h)⁻¹)。高通量分析结果表明,Candidatus Brocadia是生物膜和悬浮污泥中主要的厌氧氨氧化菌,在两类生物膜上的丰度未有显著差异;在低氨氮浓度生物膜中Candidatus Jettenia的相对丰度显著高于高氨氮浓度的生物膜,但Candidatus Kuenenia的丰度则相反。综合分析发现,厌氧氨氧化菌种的附着生长与悬浮污泥群落多样性的初始定殖有关,而低丰度菌种的分布则受不同生境的影响,该结果表明不同氨氮浓度和悬浮污泥类型的选择对生物膜的协同影响不可忽略。     

微生物絮凝剂M-C11处理高岭土悬浊液的响应曲面优化

采用响应曲面法对微生物絮凝剂M-C11处理高岭土悬浊液的过程参数进行优化,选取中心复合实验设计(CCD),以pH、M-C11投加量和CaCl2投加量等因素为自变量,以处理后的高岭土悬浊液絮凝率(Fr)为响应值,并借助扫描电镜对絮凝剂的作用机理进行初步探讨。结果表明,微生物絮凝剂M-C11可显著改善高岭土悬浊液的絮凝性能,且选取的3种单因素水平均可影响絮凝剂活性。经多元回归拟合分析,在M-C11投加量为2.56 mL,CaCl2 投加量为0.37 g/L的最优条件下,微生物絮凝活性实验值可达92.37%,接近模型预测值(92.30%)。CaCl2 投加量对絮凝效果的影响高于M-C11投加量(PCaCl2PM-C11)。Ca2+可中和高岭土颗粒表面负电荷,絮凝剂分子为悬浮颗粒提供吸附结合位点,促进絮体凝聚沉淀,M-C11絮凝机理是电中和、吸附架桥和网捕等联合作用的结果。     

中型污水处理厂中药物和个人护理品的分布与去除

为了解15种药物及个人护理用品(PPCPs)在中小型污水处理厂中的分布及其去除效果,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术对3座A2/O工艺的污水处理厂水样进行分析研究。结果显示,除普萘洛尔、吉非罗平和吲哚美辛在3座中小型污水处理厂各个工艺单元中均未被检出外,其余12种目标化合物的检出频率在90%~100%之间。进水水样中PPCPs的平均检出浓度为2 285.4 ng/L,其中咖啡因(CF)的平均检出浓度最高为973.3 ng/L,酮洛芬(KP)的平均检出浓度次之为844.7 ng/L,两者之和占进水水样中PPCPs平均含量的79.5%,表明污水处理厂的主要污染物为CF和KP。3座污水处理厂对CF的去除效果最为显著,平均去除率为95.3%,对15种PPCPs总去除效率在39.3%~82.8%之间。