球形氧化铝负载Ni-Co双金属催化剂上沼气重整制氢——操作条件的影响

前期研究开发出了活性、稳定性和抗积碳性能都较好的沼气重整制氢Ni-Co/La2O3-Al2O3催化剂。在此基础上选用商业球形氧化铝作为载体(4~5 mm)并掺杂La2O3,用浸渍法制备了Ni-Co/La2O3-Al2O3球形催化剂,以CH4/CO2体积比为1的混合气模拟沼气,考察了操作条件对工业尺度催化剂沼气重整反应性能的影响。结果表明:负载活性组分的γ-Al2O3球形催化剂的沼气重整活性基本达到小试的水平。反应温度升高有利于提高催化剂的重整活性,850℃以上催化剂的活性趋于稳定。反应温度升高有利于减少催化剂的表面积碳,却加速了金属颗粒的团聚。随着空速的增加,催化剂的活性显著降低。较好的催化剂还原方式为用纯H2在700℃下还原2 h,用该方式还原的催化剂反应后金属粒径较小,平均积碳速率较低。     

Dynamic characteristics of cool thermal energy storage systems—a review

Cool thermal energy storage (CTES) plays a significant role in conserving available energy, improving its utilization, and correcting the mismatch that occurs between the supply and demand of energy. It has been employed in many applications, for example, cool storage systems for air-conditioning and natural cooling of energy-efficient building. CTES is widely used in various industrial applications such as food and pharmacy processing, where large short duration loads are often required. This paper presents a review on CTES systems and characteristics. The dynamic characteristics of chilled water storage system, coil pipe cool storage system, packed bed cool storage system, gas hydrate cool storage system, and ice slurry cool storage system are analyzed and discussed. The applications of CTES system are summarized.     

An overview on biogas generation from anaerobic digestion of food waste

Food waste is an inevitable type of waste in every city, and its treatment technology evolves with time. Due to the high organic content and high biodegradability of food waste, anaerobic digestion becomes a commonly accepted treatment method to deal with it. This review article summarizes key factors for anaerobic digestion and provides useful information for successful anaerobic digestions. Reasonable temperature and pH are essential for a successful and productive anaerobic digestion process. A good inoculum to substrate ratio triggers a profitable food waste digestion. Good mixing and small particle sizes are important factors too. In addition, the pros and cons of different reactors to food waste digestion are highlighted. Moreover, co-digestion of food waste with animal manures, sewage sludge, and green waste were introduced.     

利用水葫芦治理水体富营养化与生产沼气的环境经济学分析

资源化、无害化利用水葫芦是治理其泛滥的有效途径。利用水葫芦去除水体中的营养物并利用其生物质生产沼气在技术上具有可行性,但是其环境经济效益尚不明确。以滇池为例,针对富营养化水体的水葫芦控制进行了成本收益分析。与将水葫芦打捞后填埋处理相比,将所打捞的水葫芦用于生产沼气具有经济可行性和能量效率。与现行的填埋处理法相比,实施沼气项目不但同样能控制水葫芦泛滥,而且能生产能源。此外,填埋水葫芦会释放甲烷这一环境问题值得重视,利用水葫芦生产沼气可以减少温室气体的排放,但减排的价值取决于沼气厂的生产规模。由于将水葫芦填埋和用于生产沼气都能去除水体中的营养物,只有当沼气厂的水葫芦处理量大于当前的填埋量时,沼气项目才具有额外的水质改良价值。在中国关于水污染控制、可再生能源发展和节能减排等政策的背景下,利用水葫芦生产沼气是一种潜在的政策响应     

Impacts of organic carbon availability and recipient bacteria characteristics on the potential for TOL plasmid genetic bioaugmentation in soil slurries

The effectiveness of genetic bioaugmentation relies on efficient plasmid transfer between donor and recipient cells as well as the plasmid’s phenotype in the recipient cell. In the present study, the effects of varying organic carbon substrates, initial recipient-to-donor cell density ratios, and mixtures of known recipient bacterial strains on the conjugation and function of a TOL plasmid were tested in sterile soil slurry batch reactors. The presence of soil organic carbon was sufficient in ensuring TOL plasmid transconjugant occurrence (up to 2.1 ± 0.5%) for most recipient strains in soil slurry batch mating experiments. The addition of glucose had limited effects on transconjugant occurrence; however, glucose amendment increased the specific toluene degradation rates of some Enterobacteriaceae transconjugants in soil slurry. Initial cell density ratios and mixtures of recipient strains had smaller impacts on plasmid conjugation and resulting phenotype functionality. These observations suggest that genetic bioaugmentation may be improved by minimal altering of environmental conditions.     

机械淋滤-厌氧生物组合工艺处理有机生活垃圾中试研究

采用机械淋滤/厌氧生物组合工艺,充分发挥机械淋滤反应器的水解酸化功能和厌氧生物反应器的产甲烷功能,对有机生活垃圾进行了中试规模处理。厌氧生物反应器经过接种,15 d驯化完成。厌氧反应器出水回流淋洗水量对机械淋滤反应器运行特征有较大影响,当回流淋洗水量为3.0 m3/d时,淋滤液COD、VFA第8天时浓度分别为41 000 kg/L和2 000 kg/L。对机械淋滤反应器/厌氧反应器组合工艺进行了多批次实验,每吨有机生活垃圾平均产生沼气87.2 m3,甲烷含量稳定在75%,平均产沼系数为0.46 m3/kg COD,厌氧生物反应器出水COD平均值为560 mg/L,在对有机生活垃圾处理的同时实现有机生活垃圾资源化利用。     

农村联户沼气工程可行性研究及经验——以浙江省江山市淤头镇为例

以浙江省江山市淤头镇联户沼气工程为例,从经济、技术及社会可行性三方面进行具体分析,指出联户沼气相比户用沼气具有规模经济效益显著、资金支持渠道多、管理便利、农户满意度高、技术和市场创新空间大等突出优势,可为联户沼气工程推广提供经验借鉴。     

Acquisition feasibility and methane fermentation effectiveness of biomass of microalgae occurring in eutrophicated aquifers on the example of the Vistula Lagoon

This study was aimed at establishing the feasibility of microalgae biomass acquisition from waters of the Vistula Lagoon with the use of an installation operating in the fractional–technical scale, and at determining the effectiveness of biogas production from the acquired substrate. Depending on the technological solution of the concentration process, the degree of aquatic biomass hydration ranged from 99.6 to 97.90%. The quantity of biogas produced during methane fermentation fitted within the range of 243.9 to 395.2 dm³/kg d.m.. The values achieved were found to depend directly on the concentration of organic matter in the acquired water biomass and on system’s loading with a feedstock of organic compounds. The content of methane in a gaseous mixture ranged from 41.4 to 61.9%. The biomass produced was predominated by taxa belonging to Cyanoprokaryota, Bacillarophyceae, and Chlorophyta.     

高温厌氧消化处理城市有机垃圾的正交试验研究

针对城市垃圾高温厌氧消化处理中反应复杂、影响因素多的特点,采用正交试验,利用自行设计的厌氧发酵罐,以产气量为观察值,分析含固率(TS)、消化温度和碳氮比(C/N比)对厌氧消化过程的影响,并分析比较了高产气区与低产气区的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)以及比产气速率的变化情况.在相同条件下,高温可以提高系统的最大比产气速率,并且还可以有效抑制VFA的积累,提高总产气量.结果表明,温度对厌氧消化过程影响最大,TS次之,C/N比影响最小.