电渗析法脱除氨法烟气脱硫浆液中的氟离子

利用异相膜电渗析装置去除氨法烟气脱硫浆液中的F~-。考察了脱硫浆液p H、F~-初始质量浓度、Cl~-初始质量浓度、膜堆两端电压、浓缩室和淡化室循环流量等操作参数对F~-去除效果的影响。实验结果表明:在酸性条件下,F~-去除率更高;脱硫浆液中F~-初始质量浓度越高,F~-去除率越高;Cl~-初始质量浓度较低时会增加F~-去除率,过高时又会降低F~-去除率。优化的操作条件为:膜堆两端电压25 V,浓缩室和淡化室循环流量300 L/h。一级电渗析进行100 min后,Cl~-去除率接近100%,F~-去除率只有47.3%。二级电渗析进行100 min时,F~-去除率达92.2%。一、二级电渗析F~-累积去除率达96.1%。     

阻化注浆在硫化矿床自然发火治理中的应用

为治理大厂铜坑矿细脉带硫化矿石自燃火灾,提出喷洒添加NCZ-1型防火阻燃剂的阻化泥浆灭火方法;依据该矿具体条件设计了喷洒工艺流程,测定单位体积阻燃剂用量及各指标气体浓度等参数,研究注浆法在自燃火灾治理中的应用问题。结果表明:该防火阻燃剂在金属矿山火灾治理中效果较好;喷洒阻化泥浆后,环境质量明显改善,主要有害气体SO2浓度减少47.16%;CO2浓度减少了58.49%;阻化期可达14～20天。该试验成果及使用方法对非煤类含硫矿床自燃治理研究有一定借鉴意义。     

石灰石／石灰-石膏湿法脱硫浆液溢流问题研究

在火电厂石灰石／石灰一石膏湿法脱硫系统中,吸收塔浆液溢流是运行过程中常见的问题之一,它对FGD系统的稳定运行非常不利。分析了吸收塔浆液溢流的成因,介绍了浆液溢流对FGD系统运行的危害,提出了吸收塔浆液溢流的预防和处理措施。     

Biogas from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: Dealing with contaminants for a solid oxide fuel cell energy generator

The present work investigates electricity production using a high efficiency electrochemical generator that employs as fuel a biogas from the dry anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW).The as-produced biogas contains several contaminants (sulfur, halogen, organic silicon and aromatic compounds) that can be harmful for the fuel cell: these were monitored via an innovative mass spectrometry technique that enables for in-line and real-time quantification.A cleaning trap with activated carbons for the removal of sulfur and other VOCs contained in the biogas was also tested and monitored by observing the different breakthrough times of studied contaminants.The electrochemical generator was a commercial Ni anode-supported planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), tested for more than 300 h with a simulated biogas mixture (CH₄ 60 vol.%, CO₂ 40 vol.%), directly fed to the anode electrode. Air was added to promote the direct internal conversion of CH₄ to H₂ and CO via partial oxidation (POx).The initial breakthrough of H₂S from the cleaning section was also simulated and tested by adding ～1 ppm(v) of sulfur in the anode feed; a full recovery of the fuel cell performance after 24 h of sulfur exposure (～1 ppm(v)) was observed upon its removal, indicating the reliable time of anode exposure to sulfur in case of exhausted guard bed.     

Characteristics of volatile compounds removal in biogas slurry of pig manure by ozone oxidation and organic solvents extraction

Biogas slurry is not suitable for liquid fertilizer due to its high amounts of volatile materials being of complicated composition and peculiar smell. In order to remove volatiles from biogas slurry efficiently, the dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to clear the composition of volatiles. Nitrogen stripping and superfluous ozone were also used to remove volatiles from biogas slurry. The results showed that there were 21 kinds of volatile compounds in the biogas slurry, including sulfur compounds, organic amines, benzene, halogen generation of hydrocarbons and alkanes, some of which had strong peculiar smell. The volatile compounds in biogas slurry can be removed with the rate of 53.0% by nitrogen stripping and with rate of 81.7% by the oxidization and stripping of the superfluous ozone. On this basis, the removal rate of the volatile compounds reached 99.2% by chloroform and n-hexane extraction, and almost all of odor was eliminated. The contents of some dissolved organic compounds decreased obviously and however main plant nutrients had no significant change in the biogas slurry after being treated.     

Effect of two biogas residues’ application on copper and zinc fractionation and release in different soils

Biogas residue (BR) is widely used as a new green fertilizer in agriculture in China. However, it often contains a high concentration of heavy metals so its application should cause our concern. An incubation experiment was conducted to study the risk of pig biogas residue (PBR) and chicken biogas residue (CBR) application on Liuminying soil (LS) and Yixing soil (YS). The soils were incubated for one, three and six months with 0, 2%, 4% and 6% addition of BRs. According to BCR extraction results, the PBR and CBR applications induced an increase in the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Zn. As for the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Cu, an increase was only observed in the treatments with PBR application. The heavy metal binding intensity also showed a similar trend. With the PBR application, for the LS and YS, the highest concentrations of exchangeable Zn increased 3.6 and 9.5 times, respectively, while the exchangeable Cu was increased by 52.6% and 187.1%. Dissolved organic carbon was the limiting factor for the exchangeable Cu while the exchangeable Zn was controlled by soil pH. PBR presented more agricultural risk than CBR when used as fertilizer. Meanwhile, BRs were more adaptable to LS than YS according to the heavy metal release results.     

HN-AD菌生物强化接触氧化工艺处理猪场沼液

针对养猪废水采用传统工艺经厌氧发酵处理后,形成高氨氮低碳氮比沼液,导致脱氮效果差、工艺流程复杂、启动周期较长等问题.本研究以异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)菌为生物强化剂,以PAN活性炭纤维作为填料的生物接触氧化池(BCO)为生物膜反应器,形成生物强化BCO工艺处理猪场沼液.前期污泥驯化阶段发现,NH_4~+-N浓度高于500 mg·L~(-1)时,污染物去除率明显降低,经HN-AD菌剂生物强化后,耐受NH_4~+-N浓度可高于600 mg·L~(-1)且能保持污染物的高效去除.采用HN-AD生物强化的BCO工艺处理真实猪场沼液,对NH4+-N、TN和COD的平均去除率分别为86. 9%、70. 5%和74. 4%,分别高于传统处理工艺的57. 6%、50. 3%和50. 0%,出水浓度均低于相关污染物排放标准.采用高通量测序技术研究了功能菌富集过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律,结果表明,生物膜内属于HN-AD菌的优势菌由Alcaligenes这一种菌属增加为生物强化后的Diaphorobacter、Acinetobacter和Thauera等多种菌属,且Acinetobacter菌属的相对丰度明显高于接种菌剂.扫描电子显微镜结果也进一步证实了生物强化的存在,紧密附着在填料上的生物膜层表面富集了以杆状和球状为主的HN-AD功能菌.     

沼渣堆肥中Cu和Zn形态与有机官能团特征

以猪粪沼渣和水稻秸秆为原料,采用BCR提取法和同步辐射红外显微成像法研究了沼渣堆肥过程中Cu和Zn形态的变化和有机官能团的原位分布特征.研究发现,沼渣堆肥后Cu和Zn含量分别增加28%和38%.同时,可交换态Cu和Zn比例明显降低,而残渣态Cu和Zn比例普遍升高.同步辐射红外显微成像结果显示,与猪粪沼渣原料相比,堆肥后的沼渣在3400cm^-1处吸收峰强度显著降低,而在1430cm^-1处吸收峰强度明显增加,表明堆肥过程中多糖类物质发生了降解进而形成了芳香类物质.综上,同步辐射红外显微成像技术有望成为表征有机物演变规律及解释重金属形态转化的一个新手段.     

电芬顿-生物泥浆法联合修复芘污染土壤

以芘污染土壤为研究对象,建立一种电芬顿与生物泥浆法联合的修复（EF-BIO）处理方法.通过对2种修复技术在污染物降解过程中显现出的不同降解特性以及所需环境因素的区别与变化的分析和研究,构建一种高效的联合的有机污染土壤修复方法.研究主要分为两部分：第一部分通过目标污染物去除率与降解速率,羟基自由基（·OH）生成量与微生物数量,以及污泥pH值等参数的变化分析得出联合修复方法的联合顺序;第二部分通过不同联结时间点目标污染物去除率与降解速率,微生物数量变化以及中间产物变化等的研究分析,确定最佳的EF-BIO联合修复方法.结果显示：当EF先进行6h,EF-BIO联合修复法仍然在72h内对芘的去除率高达91.02%,比单独使用两种方法的去除率提高50%以上.     

Bio-Energy Systems at the Community Level in the South Pacific: Impacts & Monitoring

Read, Sims and Adams (2001) detailed a case study for bio-energy implementation in a notional small Pacific Island and elaborated a theoretical model for assessing and simulating the socio-economic impacts of a particular bio-energy system designed to produce an exportable liquid fuel along with rural electricity supplies. An important conclusion was that there is no silver-bullet ‘one size fits all’ bio-energy system suited to all situations. Moreover, a system appropriate at one place and time may become obsolete with exogenous technological advance and/or as a community advances down its own development pathway. In order to understand how these issues interact in practice, a selected set of implementation projects is reviewed highlighting scale, capacity, community, technology, governmental policy and the concept of critical mass, as factors that are central to the successful development of the bioenergy sector. Through this evaluation, it is shown that: 1.A significant biomass supply resource base often exists locally in the form of agricultural and forestry residues on which modern bioenergy programmes could be initiated. The use of biomass energy flow charts are an important tool for evaluating the potential of local and national resources. 2. Without an integrated multi-disciplinary, multi-sector and whole-systems approach to the implementation of bioenergy schemes, long term success is likely to remain elusive. 3. There is a requirement at the national level for a coordinated approach with strong policy signals that overcome perverse and practical obstacles.