Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78–42.74 mg/g, 5.71–19.53 mg/g and 6.71–8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The aboveground biomass (leaves and culms) of the marsh plants generally contained more BSi than underground biomass (roots). BSi contents were relatively higher in dead plant tissues than in live tissues which was probably due to the decomposition and the leaching of labile components of plant tissues such as organic carbon and nitrogen. Comparing with the habitats of S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora, the highest BSi content was recorded in sediments inhabited by P. australis, with an annual average of 15.69 mg/g. Overall, the intertidal marshes in the Yangtze Estuary may act as a net sink of BSi via plant uptake and sedimentary burial.     

Arthrobacter echigonensis介导生物氧化锰形成的机制及生物氧化锰的成分

对1株分离自锰矿矿石具有高效氧化锰活性的节杆菌(Arthrobacter echigonensis)MN1405氧化锰机制进行研究.结果表明,A.echigonensisMN1405在其生长过程中产生锰氧化活性因子和碱性物质,活性因子在细胞内合成,并分泌至菌体表面和胞外培养液中.MN1405对Mn<'2+>的氧化作用是...     

植物挥发性有机物的作用与释放影响因素研究进展

植物释放的挥发性有机物属于植物次生代谢物质,对环境和人类生存具有正反两方面的作用。一方面,它们具有杀菌抑菌、保健等功能;另一方面,它们还参与对流层大气化学过程,对全球气候变化、碳循环和人类健康等有潜在的负面影响。综述了植物挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的作用、影响BVOCs释放的因素及还有待扩展和深入研究的方面,并对今后的研究进行了展望。结果表明:1)植物挥发性有机物对环境和人类健康有正反两方面的作用,目前大部分研究集中于杀菌抑菌等正面效应,而针对植物VOCs的负面效应研究较少;2)影响植物VOCs释放的因素包括内部因素(树种差异、生理因素、N素)和外部因素(光照、温度、湿度、CO2、臭氧和胁迫),目前研究多集中于单一因素;3)今后应加强植物VOCs释放机理的研究,分析其他因素或几种因素相互作用对植物释放VOCs的影响;建立和完善理论模型,用以模拟各种植物VOCs排放的时空动态,更好地预测全球气候变化。     

珠江三角洲天然源VOCs排放量估算及时空分布特征

利用实际观测的气象数据和基于遥感图像解译的土地利用现状和植被资料,运用GloBEIS模型,对珠江三角洲2006年度天然源VOCs排放总量进行了估算.结果表明,该区天然源VOCs的年度排放总量达29.6万t,其中异戊二烯7.30万t,占24.7%,单萜10.2万t,占34.4%.其排放量具有夏季高冬季低的典型特征,夏季占全年排放量的40.5%,冬季占11.1%.其空间特征与土地利用和植被分布密切相关,天然源VOCs排放主要集中在城镇化程度较低和林区较密集的区域.此外,对天然源VOCs排放估算过程中可能的不确定性来源进行了讨论.     

Impact of climate changes on pollution levels in Denmark

The impact of climate changes on the pollution levels in Denmark is the major topic of this paper. Variations of the Danish air pollution levels that are caused by climatic changes are studied together with variations caused by other factors (emissions, inter-annual variability of meteorological conditions, etc.). The Unified Danish Eulerian Model (UNI-DEM) was run on a fine, 10 km × 10 km, grid over a space domain covering all of Europe to minimize the influence of the boundary conditions on the Danish pollution levels. This study is based on four categories of scenarios: (i) traditional scenarios, (ii) climatic scenarios, (iii) scenarios with variations of the human-made (anthropogenic) emissions and (iv) scenarios in which the biogenic emissions were varied. The total number of applied scenarios was 14, and a time-period of 16 years was used. The results show clearly that although the concentrations of the major pollutants do not depend too much on the climatic changes, some quantities, in particular quantities related to high ozone levels, might be increased significantly as a result of the warming trends in the future climate. The reason for this phenomenon is explained.     

三峡库首秭归地区大气降水硫同位素组成及示踪研究

2009年6月～2010年7月对三峡库首秭归地区大气降水SO24-含量和硫同位素组成特征进行了连续1 a的研究.结果表明,秭归地区降水SO24-浓度在31.4～668.1μmol.L-1之间,加权平均浓度为161.9μmol.L-1;降水SO24-硫同位素值δ34S在-2.14‰～6.07‰之间,平均值为2.06‰±1.97‰.SO24-含量季节变化特征明显,夏秋季节低,冬春季节高;而δ34S值则冬季偏正,而其他3个季节都相对偏负.对硫同位素值分析表明,生物来源硫可能对当地大气降水酸度有一定的贡献,且在夏秋季节尤为明显.     

Sediment manganese and biogenic silica as geochemical indicators in estuarine salt marshes of coastal Georgia, USA

Salt-marsh estuarine sediments are not homogeneous. It is obvious that a steady state cannot be assumed if the depositional environments under which salt marshes accumulate change from subtidal through non-vegetated intertidal to vegetated intertidal state during their formation. In addition to these, the supply of sedimentary material depends on the tidal prism which changes as salt marshes are formed. Based on the study of cores collected in the estuarine region of Georgia, USA, it was found that the Mn/Al ratios in sediments of marsh cores change from subtidal through non-vegetated intertidal to vegetated intertidal. The relative variation of biogenic silica preserved in sediments of marsh core reflects the relative supply rate of organic carbon (phytoplankton) produced in the water column to the sediment surface at the time of deposition. In this paper it is proposed that sediment manganese and biogenic silica may be applied as geochemical indicators of changing depositional environments and organic carbon originating from phytoplankton in the estuarine salt marsh sediments.     

内蒙古沙漠化草原生物源挥发性有机物排放特征

2017年7月,采用动态箱采样法对内蒙古沙漠化草原的生物源挥发性有机物（BVOC）进行了研究,同时记录了温度、湿度和光合有效辐射等参数.结果表明：沙漠化草原羊草和冰草均排放了异戊二烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-水芹烯、3-蒈烯、α-萜品烯、对伞花烃、柠檬烯、γ-萜品烯、萜品油烯、罗勒烯和崁烯等12种挥发性有机化合物,羊草和冰草排放的BVOC平均排放通量分别为：（578.76±92.39）,（35.51±20.23）,（23.62±5.62）,（380.48±206.97）,（15.70±4.72）,（36.21±10.53）,（62.46±10.36）,（36.63±22.83）,（85.44±48.33）,（5.59±5.33）,（17.62±3.32）,（173.39±201.97）μg/（m²·h）和（587.36±298.57）,（7.24±0.28）,（80.09±0.32）,（204.49±122.10）,（4.64±0.83）,（9.96±3.32）,（18.86±5.73）,（4.49±4.37）,（63.02±27.51）,（7.26±5.09）,（23.06±1.86）,（32.30±26.29）μg/（m²·h）;羊草和冰草BVOC排放通量与温度和光合有效辐射变化规律呈现一致性,但各草种所受影响因子不尽相同,且其排放过程复杂,除冰草异戊二烯排放通量在15：00和17：00达到峰值外,其余BVOC排放通量与羊草BVOC排放通量均在11：00和15：00达到峰值.     

南岭箭竹生物源挥发性有机物排放特征

本研究于2018年9～11月采用动态顶空套袋法采样与热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用(TD-GC-MS)分析技术,获得了南岭箭竹排放的20种生物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的排放组成特征与排放速率.结果表明,异戊二烯是南岭箭竹排放的最主要的BVOCs,其排放速率((1.36±0.99)x104μgC/(m2·h))远高于单萜烯...     

中国原油的地球化学特征——兼论中国原油的有机与无机来源

中国大庆、辽河、大港、新疆等油区原油的地球化学组成显示以下特征 :含有地壳稀少而地球深部丰富的元素 ,如Re、In、Cd、Ag、Au等 ;含有生物质平均成分不见的元素 ,如Be、Ga、Zr、Nb、Sb、Te、Hf、Ta、W、Tl、Bi、Th等 ;含有较多的亲石元素 ,如Ca、Mg、K、Na、V、Li、Be、B、Ti、Cr、Mn、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Cs、Ba、Hf、Ta、W、Th、U等 ;原油的正烷烃结构具有奇偶优势与不显奇偶优势的特征 ,不显奇偶优势的原油沿基底断裂分布。地球化学特征是矿产资源形成途径的示踪标志。中国原油中含有生物质中不见的元素 ,说明原油可能有来自非生物成因的油源 ;含有地壳稀少而地球深部丰富的元素 ,说明原油可能有来自地球深部成因的油源 ;含有较多的亲石元素 ,说明原油可能不是从生油岩中排出的 ,而是从非岩石结构的地球深部流体中分异后聚集在岩石结构的孔隙中而形成油层的。原油的正烷烃结构显示的奇偶优势被认为系生物成因的油源 ,而不显奇偶优势被认为是甲烷石油 (即来自地球深部的无机成因油源 ) ,不显奇偶优势的油样均沿基底断裂分布 ,正旁证了地球深部来源的可能性。