亚间冰期以来长江入海口下切河谷充填型沉积体系与生物气聚集

分析了江苏省启东市北新镇NTZK01孔岩心沉积特征,结合该孔45个有机碳样品和14个样品的渗透率值,讨论亚间冰期(LG)和冰后期(PG)海侵旋回的层序地层特征及浅层生物气的勘探前景。研究表明,研究区在亚间冰期(LG)海侵旋回,海平面快速下降,地层遭受侵蚀,仅保留部分河床沉积,其最大海泛面也未保存。研究区在冰后期(PG)海侵旋回,发育了一套完整的海侵-海退旋回,下切河谷区自下而上依次发育河流相、浅海相和三角洲相。底部侵蚀面为冰后期(PG)海侵旋回的底界面,最大海泛面发育在淤泥质粘土层中,最大海泛面以下为海侵旋回,最大海泛面以上为海退旋回。     

Influence of spruce and pine on the acidity and composition of atmospheric fallout in north taiga forests of an industrially developed region

The ideas concerning the spatial and temporal variation of acidity and composition of atmospheric fallout in forests of the boreal zone are discussed. The role played by the atmospheric component in the functioning of these forests depends on the acidity and composition of fallout and the extent of their transformation by the biocenosis. The most profound transformation of fallout occurs during the growing season. In spaces between crowns, the corresponding changes are atmogenic; in undercrown areas, they are obviously biogenic (autogenic). Spruce transforms the fallout more intensively than pine. Under conditions of industrial pollution, the atmobiogenic character of fallout is supplemented with a technogenic component, as its acidity and concentration of pollutants and other elements sharply increase. Concentrations of principal cations reach high values because of their leaching from the crown by acid precipitation. The traditional concept of atmospheric load on boreal forests should be reconsidered taking into account their spatial structure.     

Production and Consumption of NO in Forest and Pasture Soils from the Amazon Basin

NO production and the rate constant of NO consumptionin soil samples from Amazonian forest and pasturesites were determined in the laboratory. The purposewas to study NO production and consumption in soilsfrom both types of land use as functions of soiltemperature and soil moisture. NO productionincreased exponentially with soil temperature. Thedegree of increase depended on soil moisture,indicating that the response of NO production to achange in soil temperature is most pronounced at acertain intermediate soil moisture. NO productionpeaked at a soil moisture of 0.10 g g^-1, correspondingto 0.27 and 0.38 water-filled pore space for forestand pasture soils, respectively. The optimum soilmoisture for which maximum NO release was observedwas independent of soil temperature. NO consumptionwas most efficient at high soil temperatures andunder dry soil conditions. NO release wasapproximately 10 times larger for forest than pasturesoil. The difference may be related to the higherNO₃ ^- content in forest soil.     

沉积物中生物硅快速测定的优化方法

目前,沉积物中生物硅含量的测定方法面临耗时长、步骤繁琐、工作量大,及缺乏国际统一的标准样品的问题。本文采用碱式连续提取法分析了贵州喀斯特地区水库表层沉积物的生物硅含量,并采用硅铝截距法证实了Demaster斜率截距法的准确性。结果表明,01、05、1 mol/L Na_2CO_3溶液提取分析得到的生物硅含量是一致的,其中01 mol/L的Na_2CO_3更适合喀斯特地区水库沉积物生物硅的提取和含量测定。同时,本研究还比较了多点法和单点法的优缺点,并指出在提取时间为15～30 min以内时,采用单点法分析生物硅含量比传统的5 h提取测定生物硅含量更加精确,同时也大大节省了分析时间。     

A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Yunnan Province

Introduction Volatile organic compounds(VOC) are very important tothe chemical composition of ambient atmosphere. Ozone isformed through the photochemical reactions of VOC of bothanthropogenic and biogenic origin with oxides of nitrogen(NOx), …     

月湖近代生物硅沉积测定与营养演化的动态过程

在综合了国内外实验方法基础上,完善了湖泊沉积生物硅实验室测定方法.利用此方法,首次对一富营养化小型浅水湖泊--武汉市汉阳区月湖进行了2个柱状沉积物的生物硅含量测试.结果表明,生物硅可以反映月湖的营养演化的动态过程,130 a前,湖泊受到的环境压力为轻;20世纪初期,月湖生物硅沉积缓慢上升,为水体富营养化开始发生时间;20世纪30年代至50年代,月湖已成为一富营养化湖泊;20世纪60年代至80年代,月湖水质持续恶化;20世纪80年代至月湖清淤前这段时期入湖污水增多,这加速了生物硅的沉积,正是这段时期使月湖最终沦为劣五类水质的湖泊.     

武汉严东湖近代沉积物中总氮、总磷与生物硅沉积及营养演化的动态过程

选择武汉近郊一中型浅水湖泊——严东湖为研究对象,对其进行了2个柱状沉积物的总氮、总磷、生物硅含量测试。结果表明：严东湖表层沉积物中总氮、生物硅含量总体均有所上升,而总磷近代含量有所下降。近代以来,硅藻的生长消耗了水体大量的硅与磷,表现为生物硅含量的显著上升,严东湖的营养程度有所上升。硅藻的生长与沉积影响到湖泊的沉积系统与过程,使营养盐比例与结构发生了变化,导致严东湖水体出现硅限制。     

生物源表面活性剂对焦化土壤中多环芳烃增溶效能研究

考察了单一生物源表面活性剂鼠李糖脂、黄腐酸、槐糖脂、烷基糖苷、无患子皂苷及鼠李糖脂与各非离子生物源表面活性剂复配体系对萘和菲的增溶效能,并将优选的淋洗剂体系应用于焦化场地土壤多环芳烃（PAHs）的去除.结果表明：相较其他生物源表面活性剂,鼠李糖脂和黄腐酸对萘的增溶效果更好;对于菲的增溶,槐糖脂的增溶效果更好,这与其较低的临界胶束浓度和多环芳烃的性质有关.生物源表面活性剂复配体系的增溶能力较单一表面活性剂明显增强,以3∶1复配时增溶效果最佳.60 mmol·L^-1的鼠李糖脂-黄腐酸复配体系（3∶1）对土壤中萘的去除率可达96.64%,分别是单一鼠李糖脂和黄腐酸的1.09倍和2.21倍;而对土壤中蒽、苯并（a）蒽和苯并（k）荧蒽的去除率远低于萘,分别为63.31%、42.51%和39.10%,这是由于PAHs与鼠李糖脂-黄腐酸复配体系的相互作用随苯环数的增加而减弱.本研究可为生物源表面活性剂及其复配体系高效修复PAHs污染土壤提供科学依据.     

锰氧化物与环境中有机物的作用及其在环境修复中的应用

锰氧化物在陆地和海洋环境中含量丰富.作为天然强氧化剂之一,广泛地参与自然界中有机和无机化合物的氧化还原反应,锰氧化物通过吸附、氧化偶合或氧化分解等方式与多种有机物,如酚及取代酚、芳香胺、腐殖酸、氨基酸.甚至多环芳烃、多氯联苯、内分泌干扰物等相互作用,本文对锰氧化物与多种有机物的反应机理、影响锰氧化物对有机物吸附性能和反应活性的因素进行了综述.同时介绍了天然矿物锰氧化物、化学合成锰氧化物及生物氧化锰的特点及其在环境修复中的应用前景.     

Distribution and accumulation of biogenic silica in the intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary

Sedimentary biogenic silica is known to be all important parameter to understand biogeochemical processes and paleoenviromental records in estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Consequently, it is of great significance to investigate accumulation and distribution of biogenic silica in sediments. The two-step mild acid-mild alkaline extraction procedure was used to leach biogenic silica and its early diagenetic products in intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary. The results showed that total biogenic silica(t-BSi)in the intertidal sediments varied from 237. 7-419. 4 μmol Si/g. while the mild acid leachable silica(Si-HCl)and the mild alkaline leachable silica(Si-Alk)were in the range of 25. 1-72. 9μmol Si/g and 208. 1-350. 4 μmol Si/g. respectively. Significant correlations were observed for the grain size distributions of sediments and different biogenic silica pools in intertidal sediments. This confirms that grain size distribution Can significantly affect biogenic silica contents in sediments. Close relationships of biogenic silica with organic carbon and nitrogen Were also found, reflecting that there is a strong coupling between biogenic silica and organic matter biogeochemical cycles in the intertidal system of the Yangtze Estuary. Additionally, the early diagenetic changes of biogenic silica in sediments are discussed in the present study.