中药渣不同有机负荷厌氧发酵工艺参数分析

以人参、赤芍和桂皮等混合中药渣为发酵原料,采用全混式厌氧反应器,在中温（35±1）℃,通过半连续厌氧发酵工艺,研究其发酵过程中不同有机负荷,沼气日产气量、甲烷含量、pH值、挥发性有机酸（VFA）和总无机碳（TIC）等参数变化相互关系。结果表明：厌氧消化过程呈现5个阶段,即发酵启动期、增长期、稳定期、超负荷期和恢复期;反应器高效稳定运行可承受的中药渣最大有机负荷为8.0 g TS·（L·d）-1,系统pH值稳定在7.0左右,沼气日产气量8.38 L,容积产气率为1.68 L·（d·L）-1,原料产沼气能力262 mL·（TS g·d）-1,VS去除率为20.69%。有机负荷为10.0 g TS·（L·d）-1时超负荷运行,沼气产量急剧下降,系统运行稳定性被破坏。因此,在中药渣厌氧消化过程中一定要控制有机负荷在最佳数值,实时监测反应器运行过程中的各参数变化,及时做出调整,保证工程的高效稳定运行。     

秸秆粉煤灰基颗粒填料生物膜特性的比较

为提高曝气生物滤池处理效率、研发新型具有结构和功能优势的颗粒填料,采用间歇式完全混合循环流态化反应器,探究了自制复合颗粒A、自制复合颗粒B、中劲陶粒及石英砂颗粒填料在4个水力停留时间下的挂膜性能、动力学参数及生物膜活性等生物膜特性,建立了生物膜微生物动力学参数实验测定的新方法。结果表明：当水力停留时间为8~12 h时,自制复合颗粒A、B挂膜性能优于石英砂和中劲陶粒,生物膜增殖速率分别为95.83 、63.75 mg·(L·h)⁻¹(以COD去除率标准评价)和54.13、29.23 mg·(L·h)⁻¹(以氨氮降解率标准评价);装填复合颗粒A的完全混合循环流态化反应器氨氮降解效率最高,相应生物膜表观产率系数最低,剩余污泥量最少;当水力停留时间超过8 h后,复合颗粒附着生长生物膜的脱氢酶活性、表面蛋白质、多糖含量最高。由此可知,以自制复合颗粒A、B为颗粒填料能优化曝气生物滤池的处理效率。本研究结果可为新型生物滤池技术的发展提供参考。     

Transesterification of waste vegetable oil under pulse sonication using ethanol,methanol and ethanol–methanol mixtures

This study reports on the effects of direct pulse sonication and the type of alcohol (methanol and ethanol) on the transesterification reaction of waste vegetable oil without any external heating or mechanical mixing. Biodiesel yields and optimum process conditions for the transesterification reaction involving ethanol, methanol, and ethanol–methanol mixtures were evaluated. The effects of ultrasonic power densities (by varying sample volumes), power output rates (in W), and ultrasonic intensities (by varying the reactor size) were studied for transesterification reaction with ethanol, methanol and ethanol–methanol (50%-50%) mixtures. The optimum process conditions for ethanol or methanol based transesterification reaction of waste vegetable oil were determined as: 9:1 alcohol to oil ratio, 1% wt. catalyst amount, 1–2 min reaction time at a power output rate between 75 and 150 W. It was shown that the transesterification reactions using ethanol–methanol mixtures resulted in biodiesel yields as high as >99% at lower power density and ultrasound intensity when compared to ethanol or methanol based transesterification reactions.     

北京市水生态监测评价方法构建及应用

根据北京市多年水生态监测的经验,确立了典型地表水体水生态监测的水文地貌、理化指标和生物要素。其中,生物要素评价因子主要包括浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物。并依据2014年监测结果进行了分析评价,将水生态状态等级分为5级。评价结果表明：北京市典型地表水体水生态状态综合评价结果中处于"中等"级别的监测断面数量为7个,占监测总数的41.2%,生物要素对最终评价结果影响略大。     

渤海海底表层软弱土特征及其对地震动的影响

以渤海PL19-3油田工程场地为研究对象,利用钻探和剪切波速实测资料,根据中国规范GB50011-2001、美国规范FEMA-NEHRP和欧洲规范EC8,进行场地类别研究;通过地震动效应分析,得到海底表层软弱土对峰值加速度和反应谱的影响。结果表明,现行规范中的场地土类型划分标准是针对陆地场地土特征的,不能反映覆盖较厚的海底淤泥层的特征;海底表层软弱土对地震动加速度的幅值和频谱的影响非常明显,其对峰值加速度的放大倍数较高,但受土的非线性变形影响,随着地震动输入的增大,其放大倍数呈非线性降低,软土场地使得加速度反应谱谱形变宽,特征周期变大。本文的结果为开展海洋工程抗震标准、海域地震区划研究积累了相关基础资料。     

Measurement method for objective cyclist behavior parameters

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this research is to study the feasibility of measuring behavioral indicators that reflect effects of infrastructure and interaction with other road users.

Methods: An observation study was performed using 6 cameras above a separated cycle path next to a road which included a crossing with both cyclists and cars. A learning method based on Single Shot MultiBox Detector was applied to automatically detect the cyclists, and cyclist tracks were determined. Next, kinematic parameters were calculated from the cyclists’ tracks. Amongst others, the cyclists’ intensity, speed, position on the cycle path, and the distance to each other were analyzed for a busy period as well as for a quiet period of the day.

Results: With the measurement method developed in this study it is possible to analyze the cyclists’ intensity, the space they use at the cycle path, their average velocity, waiting times, the space and velocity amongst each other, and red light negation. However, collisions were not seen in the dataset analyzed, and the data is not sufficiently accurate to analyze sudden braking actions.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the developed measurement method provides insight of the cyclists’ behavior in such a way that it can already be used for obtaining information to make changes to the infrastructure that will improve the comfort and safety of cyclists. The method could be further developed for doing qualitative comfort and safety analyses, and for doing analyses of the interaction between various types of road participants.     

EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING STREAM WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN A TRANSIENT MODEL FROM STOCHASTIC DATA1

ABSTRACT: In this study the estimation of parameters in water quality models represented by linear first order partial differential equations is investigated. Two sets of simulated input-output data, one with input noise and the other with output measurement error, were used. The parameters were estimated by a gradient technique (Bard's method) and a pattern search technique. The results indicate that the output measurement error significantly affects the values of parameter estimates as compared to the noise added to the input. Bard's method consistently gave results with a smaller sum of square value.     

建筑火灾风险评价技术初探

在分析建筑火灾发生原因的基础上 ,建立了建筑火灾风险评估因素集。并运用模糊评价法对建筑物的火灾安全进行了风险评价 ,通过评价得出建筑物所属的安全等级。该方法可用于保险公司对投保建筑的鉴别与筛选 ,同时可使管理者及时采取措施 ,以减少火灾危险性。     

岩体强度参数新解及应用

针对Hoek Brown强度准则的较复杂地质参数,提出利用Mohr Coulomb强度准则参数替代。基于2002年版本的Hoek Brown强度准则,并结合准岩体强度准则,建立了岩石力学参数和Hoek Brown强度参数之间的新的换算关系式。经算例分析了换算关系式在已知的岩体强度参数条件下,计算出的Hoek Brown强度参数均在其取值范围之内;并根据单因素控制变量法,得出地质参数mb、s随内聚力增加而减小,随内摩擦角增加而增加;地质参数α受内聚力和内摩擦角影响较小;并将强度参数新解法用于计算巷道围岩塑性区半径。结论是岩石力学参数对地质参数有一定的影响,并且强度参数新解法计算出的塑性区半径为支护定量设计提供理论依据。     

煤矿水文地质勘探中稳定流抽水试验确定水文地质参数讨论

<正>确的水文地质参数是准确预测矿井涌水量的基础。以实际抽水试验为基础,对比计算分析单孔抽水、一个观测孔和两个观测孔三种不同抽水试验方式下的水文地质参数,然后在考虑井损的情况下,对抽水孔的降深进行修正,以期得到更加精确的水文地质参数。结果表明,由于经验公式及井损的影响,使得单孔抽水所得参数误差及离散度较大,即使对降深进行修正后,单孔抽水依然得不到理想的结果。因此,建议采用两个观测孔的抽水试验方式来获取较为正确的水文地质参数。研究结果可为含水层水文地质参数计算及矿井涌水量预测提供理论依据,对矿井防排水系统设计和防治水措施制定具有重要现实意义。