Complex courtship in a bimodal grasshopper hybrid zone

Grasshoppers of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group, which is outstanding with respect to its complex courtship song, were studied at fifteen localities in the Ukraine and Moldova. The analysis of the courtship songs revealed two species: C. albomarginatus in north-eastern Ukraine and Chorthippus oschei in the south-western Ukraine and Moldova. In a belt about 200 km wide, not only were one or the other pure species found, but also males with intermediate song characters. C. albomarginatus and C. oschei were hybridised in the laboratory, and F1 hybrid males as well as F2 hybrid males produced intermediate song patterns, quite similar to those recorded in the field. We defined a "hybrid song score" for intermediate songs. The score showed a bimodal distribution with most songs resembling one or other parental type, but with only a few intermediates. At several localities, where hybrids with songs similar to one of the parental species dominated, some individual males sang more similarly to the other species. In one locality, two hybrid populations only 3 km apart had different parental types. Hybrid songs can contain novel elements, even more complex than the parental ones, which may offer a new starting point for sexual selection. We suggest that genetic introgression occurs between the two sibling species C. albomarginatus and C. oschei within a wide hybrid zone stretching over a distance of several hundred kilometres, but with a patchy spatial distribution. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material. Communicated by D. Gwynne     

杜仲叶.粉对肉鸡生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

为探明杜仲叶粉对肉鸡生产性能及血液生化指标的影响，按0．5％、1％、1．5％、2％的比例在肉鸡的基础日粮中添加杜仲叶粉，以不添加杜仲叶粉作为对照，经60天饲养试验期后，对各组鸡的日增重、饲料报酬(增重与耗料之比)、胴体品质及血液生化指标进行检测，结果表明：杜仲叶粉能提高肉鸡饲料报酬，改善胴体品质，改善血液生化指标．     

PARAMETER DETERMINATION FOR THE MUSKINGUM-CUNGE FLOOD ROUTING METHOD1

ABSTRACT: The proportionality coefficient, K, and the weighing parameter, X, required for the Muskingum-Cunge Flood Routing Method are dependent on the hydraulic characteristics of the channel and the dynamic characteristic of the flood wave. This work focuses on the determination of the Muskingum-Cunge Flood Routing Method parameters for streams where measured hydrographs are not available (i.e., ungaged streams) with floods that stay within the channel banks. In the present work, a gaged creek was used and a dynamic wave was routed to test the reliability of the parameters determined through the Schaefer and Stevens technique (Schaefer and Stevens, 1978). The predicted outflow hydrographs are compared to the hydrographs obtained for the same stream determined with the Muskingum Routing option of the HEC-1 program. Cypress Creek in Harris County, Texas, was the model for this work; and the corresponding data were extracted from the Grant Road and Westfield, Texas, USGS gaging stations.     

典型荧光示踪剂在包气带中的迁移、吸附特性

为研究荧光示踪剂在包气带土壤中的迁移-吸附特性，指导填埋场渗漏检测过程的示踪剂选择、投加和采样.采用土柱实验、参数反演手段，研究3种典型荧光示踪剂在包气带中的吸附、滞后和穿透规律，确定其迁移表征方法、表征参数和最佳模型.结果表明：在土壤有机碳相对较高和较低时，分别可用非线性平衡和线性平衡模型准确拟合罗丹明B在其中的穿透数据，而非线性平衡模型同时准确拟合了荧光素和荧光素钠在两种有机碳土壤中的穿透数据.基于最优反演模型，在低有机碳土壤中示踪剂迁移参数为：罗丹明B、荧光素和荧光素钠的分配系数分别为84.99，1.80，1.48cm³/g，滞后因子分别为393.27，8.18，7.81，吸附容量分别为6.14×10^-3，0.15×10^-3，0.14×10^-3mg/g，均出现罗丹明B>荧光素>荧光素钠的顺序.荧光素钠在包气带中迁移时固相吸附浓度最小、迁移速率最快、吸附消耗量最小，建议在进行填埋场渗漏示踪中选用.     

稻草秸秆发酵液对铜绿微囊藻生化参数影响

针对铜绿微囊藻在稻草秸秆（水稻分蘖枝）发酵液胁迫下的酶学特征及抗氧化能力、藻毒素和多糖含量等生化指标进行了检测分析，旨在为利用稻草秸秆抑藻提供进一步理论依据.结果表明：铜绿微囊藻在水稻分蘖枝发酵液胁迫下，其表征藻细胞代谢水平的酯酶活性显著降低，实验第5d，最高浓度组（0.65%V/V）99.9%的藻细胞内酯酶活性均被抑制，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力分别下降至同期对照组的11.03%和8.47%；丙二醛（MDA）含量则与发酵液浓度以及作用时间呈显著正相关，pearson分析表明，所有浓度组和作用时间内r值均大于0.9，而P值均小于0.01，表明水稻分蘖枝发酵液可显著降低藻细胞的抗氧化水平；但高浓度水稻分蘖枝发酵液没有引起微囊藻毒素（MCs）升高，甚至显著降低MCs和多糖的含量，与对照组相比，P<0.01.因此，水稻分蘖枝发酵液可通过影响铜绿微囊藻的代谢过程，降低藻细胞抗氧化以及抵御对环境胁迫的能力，从而达到有效抑藻的目的.     

味精生产流程中氨的污染特征及影响因素分析

对味精生产整个流程中氨的污染特征进行了定量观测,并对密切相关的因素进行回归分析.结果表明,味精生产流程中各环节都有氨的释放,其年通量达521kg,但不同工艺过程差异较大,在发酵车间氨的释放量最高,平均达880mg·(L·.min)^-1;而在制糖车间,氨的释放量最小,仅为0.07mg·(L·min)^-1.整个味精生产流程中氨的释放通量,与铵态氮浓度之间存在极为显著的直线正相关关系,而与硝态氮(包括亚硝态氮)浓度之间呈显著的指数相关关系;氨的释放通量尽管与其pH变化之间不存在显著的直线相关关系,但味精废水处理过程中却与其溶液中的pH变化之间存在着极为显著的直线相关关系.     

絮凝DAF中试工艺处理密云水库低温低浊水的影响因素

系统研究以硫酸铝和聚铝为絮凝剂时絮凝-DAF工艺中的水力学参数对除浊率的影响 .结果表明聚铝表现出了更优越的参数值 .在凝聚段 ,聚铝需要的高速混合时间为 15s,而硫酸铝则为 30s以上 ,2者对混合强度的要求为G=300～1000s^-1.聚铝的絮凝反应时间为 5.0min以上 ,硫酸铝为 7.5min以上 ,而且搅拌强度范围平均G值 =40～140s^-1;确定合适的总平均GT值≥2×10⁴.当应用聚铝为絮凝剂时 ,可以采用两级或三级等速搅拌 .对于仿MJ型的释放器 ,在实验的范围内释气压力为 2.5～3.3kg/cm² 时 ,5.0 %～8.3%的回流比较合适 .气浮接触区的水力条件和停留时间对絮凝气浮的除浊效果有较大的影响 .     

竹园污水厂闭式双泥龄工艺活性污泥数学模型的参数研究

竹园第二污水厂采用一种闭式双泥龄新型工艺。以活性污泥1号模型(ASM1)为基础,测定污水厂的进水水质特性参数、异养菌产率系数(YH)和异养菌衰减系数(bH),为后续工艺模型的建立和校正提供基础数据。结果表明:竹园第二污水厂进水易生物降解有机物(Ss)、慢速生物降解有机物(Xs)、溶解态惰性有机物(SI)、异养菌(XBH)、颗粒态惰性有机物(XI)占总COD的平均比值分别为20.0%、32.1%、17.4%、9.6%、20.9%。进水氨氮(SNH)、溶解态可生物降解有机氮(SND)、颗粒态可生物降解有机氮(XND)占TN的平均比值分别为71.5%、10.0%、18.5%。闭式双泥龄工艺平行组合中的传统活性污泥池和A/O池分支的异养菌产率系数(YH)分别为0.68和0.78,异养菌衰减系数(bH)分别为0.501 d-1和0.621 d-1。     

用膜结构参数模型评价溶解性有机物分子量分布对超滤膜污染的影响研究

研究了不同预处理对原水分子量分布的改变和对膜透水通量的影响,用膜污染的结构参数模型,评价了分子量分布对平均孔径和膜孔密度的影响。结果表明:(1)经过不同的预处理后,原水的分子量分布有所改变,混凝对大分子量有机物去除率较高,PAC吸附对小分子量有机物去除率较高,臭氧PAC联用预处理使大分子量有机物和小分子量有机物均有所去除。(2)分子量分布对膜通量影响较大。(3)通过试验并应用膜结构参数模型,评价了分子量分布对膜平均孔径和膜孔密度的影响,表明小分子量有机物易引起孔内吸附,大分子量有机物容易在膜面附着。     

复合生物反应器处理焦化废水试验研究

采用在悬浮相污泥中投入纤维球填料形成单一复合生物反应器来处理焦化废水,研究了各个运行参数对复合生物反应器处理效果的影响,确定出最佳的运行参数,并研究了在最佳运行条件下复合生物反应器对焦化废水中的COD和NH3-N的去除情况。试验结果表明,采用单一复合生物反应器是一种很好的焦化废水处理方法,它能有效地降解焦化废水中的COD和NH3-N等难降解物质,当进水COD和NH3-N分别小于670、260mg／L时,COD和NH3-N的去除率分别可高达94．8％和91．4％。