On developing cleaner organic unit processes

Organic waste products, potentially harmful to the human health and the environment, are primarily produced in the synthesis stage of manufacturing processes. Many such synthetic unit processes, such as halogenation, oxidation, alkylation, nitration, and sulfonation are common to a large number of organic chemical manufacture in several different industry sectors. The environmental impact of organic chemical syntheses can be significantly reduced by incorporating cleaner unit processes. A review of research and development activities shows that progress is already being made along these lines worldwide, and commercialization of cleaner organic technologies is also proceeding.     

Trace elements in coconut water—a preliminary study

Trace element analysis for five elements namely, Ba, Sr, Mn, Cr and Cd was carried out on both ash weight and dry weight basis for mine water and coconut water from Mangampeta barite area. The concentration of trace elements is strikingly different in the coconut water when compared with that of mine water. The coconut plant has the ability to control the presence of certain inorganic elements in its water, whatever be the amount of those elements present in irrigation water. Further, biogeochemical studies of coconut water may be of considerable importance in balneology.     

Increasing significance of advanced physical/chemical processes in the development and application of sustainable wastewater treatment systems

The awareness of the problem of the scarcity of water of high quality has strongly changed the approach of wastewater treatment. Currently, there is an increasing need for the beneficial reuse of treated wastewater and to recover valuable products and energy from the wastewater. Because microbiological treatment methods are, only to a limited part, able to satisfy these needs, the role and significance of physical/chemical processes in wastewater treatment are gaining more and more interest. The specific future role and aim of the various physical/chemical treatment processes can be categorized in five groups: improvement of the performance of microbiological treatment processes, achievement of the high quality required for reuse of the effluent, recovery of valuable components and energy from the wastewater for beneficial reuse, desalination of brackish water and seawater, and treatment of concentrated liquid or solid waste residues produced in a wastewater treatment process. Development of more environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment chains in which physical/chemical processes play a crucial role, also requires application of process control and modeling strategies. This is briefly introduced by the elaboration of treatment scenarios for three specific wastewaters.     

Inhibition of rhythmic neural spiking by noise: the occurrence of a minimum in activity with increasing noise

The effects of noise on neuronal dynamical systems are of much current interest. Here, we investigate noise-induced changes in the rhythmic firing activity of single Hodgkin–Huxley neurons. With additive input current, there is, in the absence of noise, a critical mean value μ = μ _c above which sustained periodic firing occurs. With initial conditions as resting values, for a range of values of the mean μ near the critical value, we have found that the firing rate is greatly reduced by noise, even of quite small amplitudes. Furthermore, the firing rate may undergo a pronounced minimum as the noise increases. This behavior has the opposite character to stochastic resonance and coherence resonance. We found that these phenomena occurred even when the initial conditions were chosen randomly or when the noise was switched on at a random time, indicating the robustness of the results. We also examined the effects of conductance-based noise on Hodgkin–Huxley neurons and obtained similar results, leading to the conclusion that the phenomena occur across a wide range of neuronal dynamical systems. Further, these phenomena will occur in diverse applications where a stable limit cycle coexists with a stable focus.     

Removal of citrate and hypophosphite binary components using Fenton, photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes

Both citrate and hypophosphite in aqueous solution were degraded by advanced oxidation processes (Fe2+/H2O2, UV/Fe2+/H2O2, and electrolysis/ Fe2+/H2O2) in this study. Comparison of these techniques in oxidation efficiency was undertaken. It was found that Fenton process could not degrade completely citrate in the presence of hypophosphite since it caused a series inhibition. Therefore, UV light (photo-Fenton) or electron current (electro-Fenton) was applied to improve the degradation efficiency of the Fenton process. Results showed that both photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes could overcome the inhibition of hypophosphite, especially the electro-Fenton.     

滨海化工区废水预处理去毒技术耦合工艺研究

化工产业是天津滨海新区重要的支柱产业,该行业废水是滨海污染物控制的主要威胁。针对常规单一方法存在的问题,试验选取滨海某化工区实际废水从内电解-Fenton、内电解-混凝、内电解-超声及微波强化氧化-光催化4种耦合去毒预处理工艺进行了研究。试验表明,与传统方法相比,内电解-Fenton法中H2O2的加入增加了污染物的降解途径,提高了对污染物的去除效率;内电解-混凝法对于制药废水的生物毒性有比较好的去除作用,不加PAM或Ca(OH)2的效果更佳;内电解-超声法对制药废水的生物毒性去除率可达92%,其可生化性提高45%;微波强化氧化-光催化法对大多数难降解物质有效,而对酚类物质降解效果不佳。     

贵州阿哈湖物质循环过程的微量元素地球化学初步研究

对贵州阿哈湖夏季和冬季分层湖水的水化学参数、溶解态微量元素和悬浮颗粒物微量元素进行了对比研究。结果显示:阿哈湖湖水夏季热分层和化学分层均较明显,而冬季湖水处于混合状态。夏季湖泊物质循环过程对生源要素Si、DOC以及Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo等微量元素的分布和迁移转化均产生了重要影响。夏季湖泊底层水体中溶解态Mn、Fe、Co和Ni的含量较高,主要受有机质降解和Fe、Mn氧化还原循环的影响,而且Mn的循环强度高于Fe循环,溶解态Cr在底层水体中仅有小幅升高;另外,沉积物孔隙水向上覆水体的释放作用对底层水体中溶解态重金属浓度的升高可能也有一定的影响。溶解态Zn和Mo在夏季底层水体中的含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,主要受到金属硫化物形成以及钼酸盐沉淀的影响。夏季悬浮颗粒物的Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo均在氧化还原界面附近呈明显富集趋势,主要受铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物吸附/解吸、氧化还原作用等水-粒相互作用过程的控制和影响;此外,金属硫化物的形成可能也对底层水体中悬浮颗粒物Zn、Mo和Ni含量的升高有一定贡献。     

污水处理技术的新发展

概述了污水处理的各种技术，总结了国外污水处理技术的最新发展动态。     

喀斯特小流域黄壤硫同位素组成特征——对环境过程和效应的指示

用连续提取方法分析了黄壤中总硫、SO₄^2-、总还原态硫（TRS）和有机硫的硫同位素组成,探讨黄壤中硫的迁移转化过程及其环境效应.有机硫是主要的硫形态,SO₄^2-是主要的无机硫形态.TRS具有最低的δ³⁴S值,同时SO₄^2-和TRS的δ³⁴S值随剖面加深而平行地增大指示黄壤中存在SO₄^2-异化还原过程.黄壤剖面中总硫和有机硫的δ³⁴S值先增大后降低与有机硫矿化及有机硫组分的迁移和底层吸附有关.生物滞留后剩余SO₄^2-的吸附、解吸、淋溶迁移及深层吸附与累积导致剖面中SO₄^2-的δ³⁴S值先增大后明显降低.酸沉降下剖面中SO₄^2-的吸附、解吸和淋溶迁移可引起黄壤酸化.值得关注的是,酸沉降输入的SO₄^2-主要以有机硫和吸附态SO₄^2-滞留在黄壤中,则在硫的年沉降速率大幅降低后,在较长时期内,黄壤中有机硫矿化和吸附态SO₄^2-解吸可能释放大量SO₄^2-进入地表和地下水体,与之相关的土壤理化性质变化和水体化学组成改变等方面的环境效应值得关注.     

企业安全生产标准化管理模式研究

目前我国正处于企业全面开展安全生产标准化建设阶段,企业原有的安全生产管理模式大多不能完全符合安全生产标准化的要求。通过分析企业安全生产标准化建设中存在的共性问题和企业安全生产管理工作的一般需求,以安全生产标准化理论和标准体系为基础,提出了企业安全生产标准化管理模式。模式由核心要素集、基础信息库、管理工具箱组成,按照过程和对象进一步细化和重新组合安全生产标准化管理要素,分类汇总企业安全管理所需的基础信息,并为安全管理档案、记录和报表提出统一格式和内容要求。该模式可以灵活应用于安全生产信息化建设,保障企业持续保持安全生产标准化建设成果,有效减少不必要的重复性工作、提高企业安全生产管理工作效率