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231.
Benjankar R Egger G Jorde K Goodwin P Glenn NF 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(12):3058-3070
The Kootenai River floodplain in Idaho, USA, is nearly disconnected from its main channel due to levee construction and the operation of Libby Dam since 1972. The decreases in flood frequency and magnitude combined with the river modification have changed the physical processes and the dynamics of floodplain vegetation. This research describes the concept, methodologies and simulated results of the rule-based dynamic floodplain vegetation model "CASiMiR-vegetation" that is used to simulate the effect of hydrological alteration on vegetation dynamics. The vegetation dynamics are simulated based on existing theory but adapted to observed field data on the Kootenai River. The model simulates the changing vegetation patterns on an annual basis from an initial condition based on spatially distributed physical parameters such as shear stress, flood duration and height-over-base flow level. The model was calibrated and the robustness of the model was analyzed. The hydrodynamic (HD) models were used to simulate relevant physical processes representing historic, pre-dam, and post-dam conditions from different representative hydrographs. The general concept of the vegetation model is that a vegetation community will be recycled if the magnitude of a relevant physical parameter is greater than the threshold value for specific vegetation; otherwise, succession will take place toward maturation stage. The overall accuracy and agreement Kappa between simulated and field observed maps were low considering individual vegetation types in both calibration and validation areas. Overall accuracy (42% and 58%) and agreement between maps (0.18 and 0.27) increased notably when individual vegetation types were merged into vegetation phases in both calibration and validation areas, respectively. The area balance approach was used to analyze the proportion of area occupied by different vegetation phases in the simulated and observed map. The result showed the impact of the river modification and hydrological alteration on the floodplain vegetation. The spatially distributed vegetation model developed in this study is a step forward in modeling riparian vegetation succession and can be used for operational loss assessment, and river and floodplain restoration projects. 相似文献
232.
Evaluation of Fenton and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes as mature landfill leachate pre-treatments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fenton treatment (Fe2+/H2O2) and different ozone-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) (O3, O3/OH− and O3/H2O2) were evaluated as pre-treatment of a mature landfill leachate, in order to improve the biodegradability of its recalcitrant organic matter for subsequent biological treatment. With a two-fold diluted leachate, at optimised experimental conditions (initial pH 3, H2O2 to Fe2+ molar ratio of 3, Fe2+ dosage of 4 mmol L−1, and reaction time of 40 min) Fenton treatment removed about 46% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and increased the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to COD ratio (BOD5/COD) from 0.01 to 0.15. The highest removal efficiency and biodegradability was achieved by ozone at higher pH values, solely or combined with H2O2. These results confirm the enhanced production of hydroxyl radical under such conditions. After the application for 60 min of ozone at 5.6 g O3 h−1, initial pH 7, and 400 mg L−1 of hydrogen peroxide, COD removal efficiency was 72% and BOD5/COD increased from 0.01 to 0.24. An estimation of the operating costs of the AOPs processes investigated revealed that Fe2+/H2O2 was the most economical system (8.2 € m−3 g−1 of COD removed) to treat the landfill leachate. This economic study, however, should be treated with caution since it does not consider the initial investment, prices at plant scale, maintenance and labour costs. 相似文献
233.
234.
除草剂对土壤氮素循环的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
土壤微生物参与土壤氮素循环的生物学与生物化学过程,对氮素形态转化与去向产生很大影响。在现代农作物生产上农田普遍施用除草剂,除草剂进入土壤生态环境中影响土壤微生物种群数量、活性和土壤氮素循环过程,在一定程度上改变氮素各去向的比例。因此,除草剂的施用对植物氮素吸收利用和土壤氮的环境释放具有一定效应。文章综述了除草剂对生物固氮、土壤氮矿化与转化、氨挥发、硝化反硝化、温室气体N2O排放、植物的氮吸收利用、土壤氮损失等方面的影响,并提出了今后进一步研究的方向,为减少氮素损失和温室气体排放以及除草剂使用的安全性评价提供参考。 相似文献
235.
景观带尺度高寒区水文特征时空变化规律研究 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
目前高寒区景观带尺度水文规律的研究还非常薄弱.同位素技术被用来甄别高寒区不同景观带冰川、积雪、冻土、地表水、地下水和降雨等对径流的贡献组合及其时空变化规律,旨在揭示各景观带的水文规律.结果表明马粪沟流域雨季降雨量大,温度效应显著,易发生再次蒸发,致使各水体δ18O和δD较高.干季气温低,降水多为固态,蒸发弱,不易受到再次蒸发和周围水汽交换影响,致使各水体δ18O和δD相对偏负.降雨和各水体在雨季富集重D和18O,干季较贫重同位素,存在季节效应.降雨存在高程效应,δ18O=-0.005 2 H-8.951,R=-0.917 2;δD=-0.018 5 H-34.873,R=-0.876 3.流域各景观带各水体在雨季和干季均不存在高程效应,是因为出山径流均非以降雨直接补给为主,受冰川、积雪和冻土等冻融过程影响,降水、融水、地表水与地下水等相互转化,导致同位素特征发生变化,混合和蒸发效应是其同位素变化的主要控制因素. 相似文献
236.
237.
杉木人工林生态系统的生物地球化学循环Ⅰ:养分归还动态 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
在福建南平地区 ,对林龄和密度不同的两片杉木人工林的凋落物和森林降水化学进行了 3a(1994~1996 )的定位研究 .株密度n =2 370hm-2 的 16a生林分 (标记为FFC)和株密度n =1180hm-2 的 41a生林分 (标记为XQF)的年凋落量分别为 6 2 10 .7kghm-2 和 3 146 .2kghm-2 ,其中落叶分别占总重量的 76 %和 6 8% .凋落物中 5种主要营养元素的年归还量分别为 173.92kghm-2 和 84.2 0kghm-2 ,其数量大小顺序均为Ca >N >Mg >K>P ,并在 4月份和 11月份出现两次峰值 .在两监测样地 ,降水通过林冠后养分富集现象均十分明显 .降雨、穿透雨和树干径流中养分浓度呈现显著的季节变化 ,均以夏季最低 ,冬季最高 ,春秋季居中 ,这种格局强烈受降雨量的控制 .在两林分中降水引起的 5种元素的年淋溶量分别为 173 .33kghm-2 和 10 7.5 3kghm-2 ,大小顺序为K >Ca >Mg ,而N(及FFC的P)出现负值 ,表明其被林冠层直接吸收 .林龄和密度对生态系统的养分归还具有重要影响 .图 5表 4参 15 相似文献
238.
In this paper, consideration has focused mainly on the extent and usefulness of the existing literature available so far on the understanding of the impact of climate change on water resources in Africa, focusing mainly on the Olifants River basin in South Africa. Here, the existing literature on the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle (particularly the hydrological processes like temperature, precipitation and runoff) has been reviewed. The uncertainties, constraints and limitations in climate change research have been discussed at great length. A detailed discussion has been highlighted on the remaining knowledge gaps in climate change research, especially in Africa. In addition to the research gaps highlighted here, the emphasis on the need of climate change research by African scientists is included as part of lessons learnt. Overall, the importance of conducting further research in climate change, understanding the potential impact of climate change on our lives, and taking actions to effectively meet the adaptation needs of the people, emerge as an important theme in this review. 相似文献
239.
流域水循环中各要素之间高度的非线性关系,使得驱动数据对模拟结果的影响研究变得复杂。结合站点实测和遥感的降水、温度和潜在蒸散发驱动数据,构建了叶尔羌河流域的8个MIKE SHE模型;根据方差分析模型(ANOVA)对模型“输入”与“输出”之间显著性影响检验的结果,以积融雪过程为例,剖析了驱动数据影响的具体表现。结果表明:相比站点数据,TRMM降水驱动的模型导致积雪输出的空间分布差异性更加明显;MODIS温度数据驱动的模型导致了中低山区的永久性薄层积雪覆盖更广,而高山区的储雪量更少;遥感蒸散发驱动的模型在积雪模拟方面并无显著差异。ANOVA对水文系统中要素之间的显著性假设检验,可为明晰驱动数据对水文过程的具体影响方式提供重要前提。 相似文献
240.
于2010年3月~2011年2月和2017年1~12月在重庆主城区连续采集PM1.0、PM1.0~2.5和PM2.5~10样品,采用离子色谱测定了样品中9种水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)含量,研究了近年来不同粒径颗粒物中主要离子的污染特征.结果表明,2017年重庆市PM1.0、PM1.0~2.5和PM2.5~10中WSIIs年均浓度和占比分别为24.10,32.89,39.11μg/m3和41.8%、40.3%、38.6%,较2010年均有所下降(39.85,47.84,57.12μg/m3和49.2%、46.6%、36.2%),但NO3-浓度和占比呈上升趋势(分别上升12.3%~27.8%和53.1%~78.2%),且成为2017年冬季首要离子.SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、Cl-、K+和Na+主要分布在细粒子中,F-、Mg2+和Ca2+主要分布在粗粒子中.重庆颗粒物呈弱碱性,其中粗粒子碱性强于细粒子,NH4+主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.与2010年不同,2017年细粒子中SO42-和NO3-浓度均随相对湿度增大而快速上升,非均相反应已成为2017年SO42-和NO3-形成的重要途径,且在PM1.0中尤为突出.随污染加重,不同粒径下各类WSIIs演化特征各异,其中2017年细粒子中NO3-浓度及其对WSIIs贡献大幅升高,并成为重污染形成的主因,而SO42-和扬尘源示踪物(Mg2+、Ca2+)贡献呈下降趋势.与2010年相比,2017年各粒径中NO3-/SO42-比值随污染加重大幅升高,且重污染日比值均大于1.0.细粒子中WSIIs主要来源于二次转化,粗粒子主要来源于扬尘.2017年扬尘污染较2010年有所减缓,但二次源对WSIIs贡献上升明显,尤其是NO3-的二次生成,因此对NOx排放源的管控是WSIIs减排的重要途径.研究结果对了解近年来重庆市大气颗粒物污染来源及形成机制研究具有重要参考价值. 相似文献