CuFeO2耦合过硫酸盐可见光催化降解过程及机理研究

采用水热合成法制备了CuFeO_2催化剂,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、比表面分析仪和紫外可见漫反射光谱(DRS)对CuFeO_2催化剂的晶体结构、表面形貌、组成元素、比表面积及禁带宽度等特性进行了表征分析.同时,以CuFeO_2为催化剂,加入过硫酸盐(PS),以模拟印染废水中的亚甲基蓝为目标污染物,在可见光照射下,耦合光催化技术与高级氧化技术,构建了CuFeO_2/PS/可见光(Vis)体系,并将其应用于降解亚甲基蓝染料废水.结果表明,与Cu_2O/PS/Vis、Fe_2O_3/PS/Vis体系相比,CuFeO_2/PS/Vis体系在同等条件下具有更好的降解效果.为探究该体系的最佳操作条件和适用的pH范围,系统地考察了催化剂投加量、PS投加量、pH值等因素对亚甲基蓝降解效果的影响.总有机碳含量(TOC)和重复实验表明,CuFeO_2可重复使用4次,该体系的降解效果基本不变,但矿化程度降低8.2%.电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)实验结果表明,反应结束后溶液中残存1.7 mg·L~(-1)Cu(占CuFeO_2投加总量的0.34%)和24.9μg·L~(-1)Fe(占CuFeO_2投加总量的0.05‰),推测其来自于CuFeO_2中金属离子的溶出.此外,对反应后的CuFeO_2进行XRD和SEM表征发现,其物相组成和形貌未明显变化,表明少量的金属溶解对材料稳定性的影响较小.结合自由基掩蔽实验和CuFeO_2能带结构分析发现,该体系良好的降解效果首先得益于耦合反应过程中产生的SO_4~-·,其次是·OH,另外,还有CuFeO_2受光激发产生的光生空穴及其表面键合的Cu(Ⅰ)/Cu(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)氧化还原对的协同作用.     

小中甸水利枢纽工程建设对硕多岗河水文与生态过程的预测评价

水利枢纽工程作用于环境与生态最集中的外部效应为干扰水文与生态过程。简要介绍了云南省香格里拉小中甸水利枢纽工程和所在的金沙江一级支流硕多岗河流域概况,基于工程对硕多岗河的水文与生态过程的干扰机理,预测了工程对坝址上下游的水文过程和生态过程的影响,为针对性地开发本工程合适的生态与环境措施提供了科学的依据。研究结论对高海拨典型生态敏感区域的水利水电环评的水文与生态影响预测理论与技术具有参考意义。     

生物接触氧化法处理腈纶废水研究

腈纶废水中含有氰化物、单体聚合物等有毒有害物质,碱性氧化法、酸性回收法等处理含氰废水,难以达到国家排放标准。上海某腈纶厂采用硫氰酸钠一步法和二步法湿纺工艺生产腈纶,废水处理采用＂加药混凝沉淀法＋生物接触氧化法＂,氰化物、氨氮、COD、BOD5去除率分别为94.5%、89.9%、88.2%、97%,达到污水综合排放一级标准。     

高级氧化技术在水处理中的应用

介绍了高级氧化技术的发展及其特点,并综述了化学氧化、光催化氧化、水热氧化以及高压脉冲放电等离子体、超声等高级氧化技术及其在水处理中的应用。随着对高级氧化技术不断深入的研究,其在水处理领域的应用将更加成熟并且越来越广泛。     

Isolation and characterization of ferrous- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from Tengchong solfataric region, China

Microbial oxidation and reduction of iron and sulfur are important parts of biogeochemical cycles in acidic environments such as geothermal solfataric regions. Species of Acidithiobacillus and Leptospirillum are the common ferrous-iron and sulfur oxidizers from such environments. This study focused on the Tengchong sofataric region, located in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Based on cultivation, 9 strains that grow on ferrous-iron and sulfuric compounds were obtained. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes of the 9 strains indicated that they were a liated to Acidithiobacillus, Alicyclobacillus, Sulfobacillus, Leptospirillum and Acidiphilium. Physiological and phylogenetic studies indicated that two strains (TC-34 and TC-71) might represent two novel members of Alicyclobacillus. Strain TC-34 and TC-71 showed 94.8%–97.1% 16S rRNA gene identities to other species of Alicyclobacillus. Di erent from the previously described Alicyclobacillus species, strains TC-34 and TC-71 were mesophilic and their cellular fatty acids do not contain !-cyclic fatty acids. Strain TC-71 was obligately dependent on ferrous-iron for growth. It was concluded that the ferrous-iron oxidizers were diversified and Alicyclobacillus species were proposed to take part in biochemical geocycling of iron in the Tengchong solfataric region.     

Does hyperaccumulated nickel affect leaf decomposition? A field test using Senecio coronatus (Asteraceae) in South Africa

Summary. Nickel hyperaccumulator plants contain unusually elevated levels of Ni (>1,000 mg Ni kg⁻¹). The high Ni concentration of hyperaccumulator tissues may affect ecosystem processes such as decomposition, but this has yet to be studied under field conditions. We used Senecio coronatus Thunb. (Harv.) from two pairs of serpentine sites: one member of each pair contained a hyperaccumulator population and the other a non-hyperaccumulator population. Our main goal was to determine if leaf Ni status (hyperaccumulator or non-hyperaccumulator) affected leaf decomposition rate on serpentine sites. We also used a non-serpentine site on which leaves from all four S. coronatus populations were placed to compare decomposition at a single location. Dried leaf fragments were put into fine-mesh (0.1 mm) nylon decomposition bags and placed on field sites in mid-summer (early February) 2000. Sets of bags were recovered after 1, 3.5, and 8 months, their contents dried and weighed, and the Ni concentration and total Ni content of high-Ni leaves was measured. For the serpentine sites, there was no significant effect of leaf Ni status or site type on decomposition rates at 1 and 3.5 months. By 8 months, leaf Ni status and site type significantly influenced decomposition on one pair of sites: hyperaccumulator leaves decomposed more slowly than non-hyperaccumulator leaves, and leaves of both types decomposed more slowly on the non-hyperaccumulator site. At the non-serpentine site, the highest-Ni leaves (15,000 mg Ni kg⁻¹) decomposed more slowly than all others, but leaves containing 9,200 mg Ni kg⁻¹ did not decompose more slowly than non-hyperaccumulator leaves. Nickel in decomposing hyperaccumulator leaves was released rapidly: after 1 month 57–68% of biomass was lost and only 9–28% of original Ni content remained. We conclude that very high (>10,000 mg Ni kg⁻¹) leaf Ni concentrations may slow decomposition and that Ni is released at high rates that may impact co-occurring litter- and soil-dwelling organisms.     

Thermodynamics of irreversible processes and quantum field theory: An interplay for the understanding of ecosystem dynamics

Ecological modelling has not yet received from basic “hard” sciences, like conventional physics and chemistry, an adequate conceptual support. Mechanistic simulation techniques are very far from achieving a satisfactory understanding of ecosystem dynamics.     

乳化植物油强化地下水中Cr(VI)的生物地球化学还原研究

设计天然细砂模拟实验,利用乳化植物油作为电子供体,研究生物地球化学作用对Cr(VI)的还原过程和机理.结果表明,乳化油可以使地下水呈弱酸性,反应体系pH值最终为6.59;并长期维持还原环境,Eh最终降低至-158.6mV.乳化油可显著促进土著微生物的异化铁还原作用,将细砂介质中的Fe(III)还原成Fe(II)并耦合去除Cr(VI).当反应进行到14d时,Cr(VI)全部被去除,反应第28d总铬完全被去除.Fe(II)的累积对反应体系中的氧化还原环境有重要影响.当实验结束时,Fe(II)浓度为44.40mg/L,乳化油消耗了48.9%.XPS和XRD表征分析反应后的细砂,结果表明生成的Cr(III)最终以Fe-Cr无定型态沉淀存在.     

青岛大气气溶胶中微量元素溶解度及影响因素

利用2012年12月在青岛采集的31个总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析其中11种微量元素的总浓度和溶解态浓度,讨论了沙尘负载、气溶胶来源、酸过程及天气条件对微量元素溶解度的影响.结果表明,Fe和Al的溶解度<5%,Pb、Ba、Bi的为10%左右,Cu、V、Cd、Mn的为20%~30%,Zn和As的约为40%.随着沙尘负载量的增加,气溶胶中微量元素溶解度呈规律性递减.气团后向轨迹聚类分析和正矩阵因子分析（PMF）结果显示,受人为源影响的气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显高于受沙尘源影响的,受二次生成源和海洋源影响的的气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显高于受土壤源影响的.大气酸过程是造成这些差异的主要原因.相关性分析表明,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和有机酸等酸组分均对微量元素溶解度有一定影响.霾天时气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显低于雾天的,其原因为酸组分在较高的相对湿度下更能促进微量元素溶解度的提高.     

湿地生态系统硅生物地球化学循环研究进展

硅在地壳中的丰度仅次于氧,是地球表面大多数土壤和岩石的一种基本成分,也是水生植物（特别是硅藻类）以及多种作物生长所必需的营养元素,还是控制陆地、海洋、沿海和内陆水生态系统机能的重要营养元素。目前关于全球硅的生物地球化学循环的研究多集中在陆地和海洋两大生态系统,而湿地生态系统中硅的循环过程、储存量尚不清楚。虽然在河口湿地开展一些关于硅的相关研究,但是硅在湿地的循环机制研究不够全面,尤其相比碳、氮、磷等元素,硅素研究甚少。而且,国内关于硅的相关研究更为匮乏。本文在总结国内外关于湿地生态系统硅素研究的基础上,综述硅在湿地生态系统的存在形态与分布特征,阐述硅在湿地生态系统中的基本循环过程,列举影响硅在湿地生态系统中循环的主要因素,如：湿地类型、水淹时间、季节变化、人类干扰等;提出在今后研究工作中应进一步探索硅在湿地生态系统中迁移、转化的机制,加深研究人类活动对湿地生态系统硅循环的影响,特别是应该加强研究河口潮汐湿地和沿海湿地生态系统硅的生物地球化学循环过程和储存量,有助于明确湿地生态系统对于硅的截留量;并弄清湿地中碳与硅含量之间的关系,从水文学角度分析湿地中排水、蒸发、洪期及滞留时间等因素对硅循环的影响,从而试图建立湿地硅循环模型,有助于预测湿地生态系统硅循环对沿海地区赤潮等富营养化现象和全球气候变化的影响。