京杭大运河淮安段水质的多元统计分析

以京杭大运河淮安段4个水质监测断面2007年的水质监测数据为样本,用主成分分析的方法,找出影响京杭大运河淮安段水质的主成分,计算各样本的主成分得分,用聚类分析的方法将样本水质分类,根据水质综合评分公式,计算各监测断面各月份水质综合评分,结合分类结果及水质综合评分对各样本水质评价结果为：监测断面黄码大桥的水质最差;另3个监测断面1、3月份的水质最好;而监测断面板闸的水质又好于监测断面五叉河口及大运河桥的水质。     

回归分析方法在环境领域中的应用评述

回归分析是一种处理变量间相关关系的有效数理统计方法,回归分析模型目前已应用于环境领域的多个方面,并在实际应用中证实了其准确性和可行性。基本回归分析方法有一元线性回归、多元线性回归和逐步回归等,通过概述了这几种基本回归分析方法的原理及其在环境领域中的应用现状,评述了其应用效果,并预测了回归分析技术在环境领域中应用的发展方向;对在众多环境科学与工程研究领域中,更好地发挥回归分析的作用具有很好的参考价值。     

塔里木河下游输水前后NDVI差异分析

运用统计方法分析塔里木河下游英苏、喀尔达依、阿拉干三断面输水前后归一化植被指数(NDVI)的差异大小并推测河畔植被对输水的响应程度。结果表明:随着输水进行,研究区NDVI与地下水埋深逐渐呈负相关趋势,NDVI增幅随地下水埋深减小逐渐增大;输水前后相同断面NDVI差异极显著,根据输水前后NDVI差值大小确定植被恢复速度为:英苏>喀尔达依>阿拉干;各断面NDVI在输水前没有差异,输水后断面间NDVI差异显著,根据差异大小确定恢复程度顺序为英苏>喀尔达依>阿拉干;以大西海子水库周边NDVI为参照,确定经7年8次生态输水英苏、喀尔达依、阿拉干三断面植被恢复度分别为20.2%、18.4%和8.4%。以上研究表明,研究区植被恢复仍然有限,坚持持续输水很有必要。     

能值分析理论在耕地可持续利用评价中的应用研究——以南京市为例

评价指标体系是耕地可持续利用评价研究的难点,正确选择评价理论与方法,构建科学、合理的评价指标体系,为正确认识耕地利用的可持续性及制定相应政策提供理论与实践依据。文章引入能值理论,在传统评价方法基础上对耕地利用中物流、能流等以太阳能值为统一衡量标准,建立新的指标体系,并对南京市1995~2004年的耕地利用进行评价。结果表明,研究时段内南京市耕地利用是向可持续方向发展的,且其可持续利用经历了两个阶段:①1995~1998年可持续性下降阶段,综合系数从1995年的1逐渐下降到1998年的0.9570;②1998~2004年可持续性上升阶段,综合系数逐年上升到2004年的1.1123。与传统评价方法相比,引入能值理论后的评价结果更能全面、客观地反映耕地利用的可持续状况。     

Socioeconomic potential of carbon sequestration through agroforestry in the West African Sahel

The recognition of agroforestry as a greenhouse-gas mitigation strategy under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) offers an opportunity to agroforestry practitioners to benefit from the global Carbon (C) credit market. Our knowledge on this important topic from the semiarid regions such as the West African Sahel (WAS) is, however, very limited. In order to fill this gap, this study was undertaken in the Ségou region of Mali (annual temperature, 29°C; annual rainfall, 300–700 mm in 60 to 90 days), focusing on two improved agroforestry systems (live fence and fodder bank) along with traditional parkland agroforestry systems of the region. A cost–benefit analysis was conducted to assess the economic profitability and risks associated with the systems considering them as 25-year projects and their potential for participation in C credit market. The traditional systems had high C stock in their biomass and soil, but little potential for sequestering additional C; on the other hand, the improved systems had low C stock, but high sequestration potential. For the standard size live fence (291 m) and fodder bank (0.25 ha) projects, the estimated net present values (NPV) were $ 96.0 and $158.8 without C credit sale, and $109.9 and $179.3 with C sale, respectively. From the C sale perspective, live fence seemed less risky and more profitable than fodder bank. Carbon credit sale is likely to contribute to economic development of the subsistence farmers in the WAS.

Soil enzyme activities and their indication for fertility of urban forest soil

To reveal the biological characteristics of urban forest soil and the effects of soil enzyme on soil fertility as well as the correlation between physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, 44 urban forest soil profiles in Nanjing were investigated. Basic soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were analyzed in the laboratory. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase were determined by potassium permanganate titration, TTC (C₁₉H₁₅N₄·Cl) colorimetry, phenyl phosphate dinatrium colorimetry, and anthrone colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that soil pH, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) had great effects on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 0–20 cm thick soil. However, pH only had great effect on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 20–40 cm thick soil. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were important biological indicators for the fertility of urban forest soil. Both in 0–20 cmand 20–40 cmsoil, soil enzyme system (hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase) had a close relationship with a combination of physicochemical indicators (pH, organic C, total N, available K, available P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and microbial biomass carbon (C_mic)). The more soil enzyme activities there were, the higher the fertility of urban forest soil. __________ Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2007, 20(4): 4–6, 9 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

纸基复合包装中铝塑分离的湿法工艺条件研究

纸基复合包装中的纸基部分通过水力碎浆分离后可直接用于生产再生纸. 其铝塑部分由1层0.02～0.03 mm厚的铝箔和2层0.03～0.08 mm厚的低密度聚乙烯膜层压复合而成,主要对铝塑的湿法分离进行研究.比较了甲酸、乙酸、盐酸3种剥离剂的分离效果; 用甲酸作为铝塑剥离剂时, 考察了剥离剂的浓度、反应温度、液固比及破碎尺寸对铝塑分离的影响; 根据铝塑分离时间、分离率、铝的损失率等指标,通过正交试验及方差分析优化铝塑分离的工艺条件. 结果表明,甲酸分离铝塑的最优条件: 剥离剂浓度为4 mol/L, 反应温度为60 ℃,液固比为60 L/kg, 破碎尺寸为5 cm×5 cm. 在该条件下, 铝塑的分离率达到100%.      

袋式除尘器节能降耗途径的探讨

阐述袋式除尘器的阻力组成,从除尘器结构,过滤速度及清灰制度三个方面分析了降低阻力的途径。     

澳门半岛近岸海域水质时空变异分析

采用聚类分析和判别分析技术对澳门半岛近岸海域22个监测点2000~2005年期间的监测数据进行水质时空分析,旨在识别澳门半岛近岸海域水质时空变化特征,从而为澳门半岛水质监测网络的优化和近岸海域水质的控制提供支持.监测点位取样时间聚类结果可分为6~9月和1~5月、10~12月2组,与传统的4~9月和10~3月的丰、枯水期划分存在差异;按采样点位的空间聚类结果显示,第1组的监测站点都位于西侧,第2组的监测站点都位于东侧和南侧.通过后退式判别分析,表征空间差异性的显著性指标为pH、氯化物、TSS、颜色;表征时间差异性的显著指标为总磷、氯化物、颜色、氨氮、溶解氧、化学需氧量.空间与时间差异性判别的正确率分别达到84.82%和76.57%,显示后退式判别分析具有较好的指标降维能力和判别能力.     

军用飞机结构类型聚类分析

选取某型飞机16个典型结构,采用温、湿度测量仪测量其局部温、湿度,测量周期为2个月,分别获得673个有效温、湿度实测数据。根据实测数据,采用模糊聚类算法对飞机结构类型进行归并分析,当模糊矩阵阈值λ=0．7时,飞机结构类型可归并为开式、半开式、封闭式3种典型结构形式。