氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物浸出铅锌硫化矿尾矿及浸出过程中重金属形态分析研究

研究嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f)对铅锌硫化矿尾矿重金属离子的生物浸出和重金属形态变化有助于了解生物浸出作用的过程变化.通过考察生物浸出体系中不同的矿浆浓度对pH值和浸出尾矿重金属的影响,探究生物浸出过程的重金属形态变化情况.结果表明,生物浸出作用对pH值和尾矿重金属的浸出影响巨大,随着矿浆浓度的增加,pH值下降速率呈现先升高后降低、重金属浸出率也呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最佳的生物浸出矿浆浓度为50 g·L~(-1),Fe和Zn的最佳浸出率分别为85.45%和97.85%.重金属形态分析表明,生物浸出作用对尾矿重金属形态变化产生巨大的影响,随着浸出时间的延长,重金属形态逐渐改变,首先易迁移的重金属被生物浸出,然后稳定的重金属也逐渐被生物浸出.     

超声辅助生物淋滤废旧Zn-C电池锌锰溶出的研究

以氧化硫硫杆菌(A.thiooxidans)为淋滤菌株对废旧Zn-C电池电极材料中的Zn、Mn进行了生物浸提,比较研究了化学浸提、生物淋滤和不同超声辅助方法生物淋滤体系下的Zn、Mn的溶出效率及溶出动力学.结果表明:不同超声辅助方法中,超声+生物淋滤体系Zn、Mn溶出最优,Zn、Mn的最大溶出率分别为94.2%和65.5%,并提高了溶释速率.此外,对于Mn的溶出,化学淋滤体系符合边界层扩散控制模型,生物淋滤和超声+生物淋滤体系符合收缩核Stoke's regime模型,而Zn的溶出均符合化学反应控制模型.     

Pb/Zn冶炼废渣中重金属的生物浸出-盐浸处理

利用中温嗜热菌对某铅锌冶炼废渣进行生物浸出盐浸处理研究,并根据国家固体废物浸出毒性方法(HJ/T299-2007)对盐浸后余渣进行毒性分析。研究结果表明,在pH 1.5、温度65℃、矿浆浓度5%的优化条件下生物浸出3 d后,废渣中Cu、In、Ga和Zn的浸出率分别达到了91.5%、91.8%、84.9%和93.4%;盐浸生物浸出渣,其浸出液中Ag、Pb浓度分别为7.6和247.5 mg/L,可从废渣中有效回收Cu、In、Ga、Zn、Ag和Pb。生物浸出盐浸处理后余渣约为原渣量的70%;毒性分析浸出液中重金属元素Ag、As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn浓度分别为2～3.5、2～3、0.3～0.5、30～50、2～4、20～60 mg/L,低于国家危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-2007)。根据试验结果,提出了针对冶炼废渣资源化、减量化、无害化的生物浸出盐浸联用工艺。     

Effect of sediment size on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments of Izmir Inner Bay

The effect of sediment size on metals bioleaching from bay sediments was investigated by using fine (< 45 μm), medium (45-300 μm), and coarse (300-2000 μm) size fractions of a sediment sample contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemical speciation of the metals in bulk and size fractions of sediment were studied before and after bioleaching. Microbial activity was provided with mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bioleaching process was carried out in flask experiments for 48 days, by using 5% (W/V) of solid concentration in suspension. Bioleaching was found to be efficient for the removal of selected heavy metals from every size fraction of sediments, where the experiments with the smaller particles resulted in the highest solubilization ratios. At the end of the experimental period, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were solubilized to the ratios of 68%, 88%, 72%, and 91% from the fine sediment, respectively. Higher removal efficiencies can be explained by the larger surface area provided by the smaller particles. The changes in the chemical forms of metals were determined and most of the metal releases were observed from the reducible and organic fractions independent from grain size. Higher concentrations were monitored in the residual fraction after bioleaching period, suggesting they are trapped in this fraction, and cannot be solubilized under natural conditions.     

嗜酸硫氧化菌株的分离及其在污泥生物脱毒中的应用

以元素硫为底物,采用选择性液体培养基加富培养继以稀释平板法直接从污泥中分离出一株嗜酸硫氧化菌株SS-3.该菌株能将硫粉或硫代硫酸盐氧化成硫酸或硫酸盐,但不能氧化二价铁.序批式生物淋滤试验结果表明,接种该菌株并添加硫作为底物可有效加速污水污泥中重金属的溶出.经过15 d的生物淋滤,Cr,Cu,Zn的去除率可分别达到66.8%,95.4%,100%.      

多级驯化嗜酸菌淋滤电子废弃物拆解地土壤重金属的效果

冶金用嗜酸性硫杆菌的驯化材料多为单一重金属,为了解决驯化后菌种在处理多种类重金属污染的土壤时存在效果不佳的问题,将电子废弃物拆解地实际污染的土壤作为驯化材料,分析了不同驯化周期内嗜酸性硫杆菌对污染土壤中重金属的去除效果。结果表明,电子废弃物拆解地土壤以Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Ni污染为主。经不同代时的驯化,嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxi-dans,A. f菌)和嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxi-dans,A. t菌)的生长pH值下降幅度不同,培养液中氧化还原电位(φ)均有所上升,表明其生物活性有所提高。重金属质量比对菌种的生物活性和产酸能力有一定的影响,多级驯化可提高菌种对重金属的去除能力。A. f菌对Zn、Ni、Cd、Cu、As的去除率均优于A. t菌,其中A. f菌对Cd的去除率高于A. t菌2倍以上,为79. 2%,但A. t菌对Pb的去除率优于A. f菌,可达66. 6%。     

表面活性剂对生物沥滤去除污泥中铜、锌的影响

将Tween-80,Span-60和甜菜碱,分别添加到城市污水处理厂污泥中,进行序批式生物沥滤,研究表面活性剂的浓度和类型对污泥中Cu,Zn沥滤效果的影响。结果表明,3种表面活性剂的适宜投加量范围依次为:0.5%~0.7%、3.0~6.0 g/L和1.5~3.0 g/L。在此条件下沥滤10 d,Cu和Zn的去除率均可达到80%以上。与未添加表面活性剂相比,硫的氧化利用率也得到了一定的提高。     

生物酸化污泥回用在批式运行的污泥生物淋滤工艺中的效果

以制革污泥为对象,利用上批淋滤结束后的生物酸化污泥既含大量微生物又具有较强酸度的特点,用其回流以达到使原始污泥预酸化和接种微生物的双重效果,建立用生物淋滤技术序批式处理制革污泥的工艺.用硫酸调节原始污泥pH至5.5左右,接入质量分数为20%的菌种和0.4%的能源物质进行污泥中重金属的生物淋滤处理,取淋滤过程不同阶段中pH3.5、3.0、2.5、1.95的生物酸化污泥作菌种,同时用硫酸对待处理污泥预酸化进行下批生物淋滤处理.此外,采用刚淋滤结束的pH1.95的生物酸化污泥代替硫酸进行污泥的预酸化和接种.结果表明,用淋滤过程中pH3.5～1.95的生物酸化污泥作菌种,污泥的pH值都能够下降到2.0以下,而且不同pH值的生物酸化污泥作菌种的淋滤效果差异并不显著,说明淋滤过程中pH在3.5以下的污泥都可以作为菌种,接入到下一批次待处理的污泥中进行生物淋滤.连续6批次的污泥淋滤试验表明,用刚淋滤结束的pH<2的生物酸化污泥回流既能完全代替浓硫酸对原始污泥进行预酸化,并又兼有接种作用.每批处理4d均能稳定完成淋滤过程.因此,工程应用中只需在待处理污泥中添加上批淋滤结束的酸化污泥便可,使生物淋滤持续批式运行,大大简化了处理工艺.     

Sulphur-oxidising bacteria isolated from deep caves improve the removal of arsenic from contaminated harbour sediments

Acidophilic S-oxidising bacteria isolated from sulphur-rich deep caves (Frasassi, Italy), characterised by relatively low temperature, were tested for their ability to mobilise (semi-)metals from contaminated sediments. Sediment samples from two commercial Italian seaports were used to set up bioleaching experiments. The effect of different growth substrates was also investigated. Our experiments revealed that S-oxidising bacteria isolated from Frasassi caves have a high potential to remove As from contaminated marine sediments, as never reported before. Although As solubilisation efficiency was quite low (i.e. about 30%), only a small amount of As was associated with non-residual fractions of the sediment. On the contrary, the solubilisation efficiencies of Zn and Ni (20% and 10%, respectively) were lower than those previously obtained by the use of other acidophilic bacteria and mainly influenced by the experimental conditions rather than by the presence of the S-oxidising bacteria. Results presented here open new perspectives in bioleaching applications for the remediation of contaminated sediments. Indeed, microbial strains adapted to relatively low-temperature environments could improve sediment bioleaching at temperature regimes where mesophilic and thermophilic strains are not favoured. Such strains could be exploited for developing selective bioremediation procedures for sediments contaminated with As, to be applied in multistep biotreatment processes.     

不同污泥浓度对生物沥滤过程的影响

以硫酸亚铁盐作为底物,氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Thiobacillus ferrooxidans）为主要沥滤微生物,在底物投配比为10 g/L,温度为25℃,曝气量为1 L/min的条件下,对5种不同浓度的桂林城市污泥中重金属进行生物沥滤试验。结果表明,生物沥滤的污泥浓度宜控制在25.6 g/L,沥滤3 d后,污泥中超标元素Cu、Zn和Cd的去除率分别达到58.17%、75.90%和93.64%,沥滤处理后污泥中残余重金属含量符合污泥农用的国家标准。