预酸化下营养剂添加量对生物沥浸处理洗毛废水的影响

洗毛废水是洗毛生产工艺排出的兼具高COD、高悬浮固体浓度、高色度、难固液分离等典型特征,且对环境存在潜在污染的一类工业废水。通过摇瓶实验,研究了预酸化条件下,生物沥浸技术对洗毛废水的处理效果。结果表明,当洗毛废水经预酸化至p H 5.5、营养剂浓度≥4 g/L、回流比例为1∶1的情况下,3个批次实验内复合菌群生物沥浸过程稳定,洗毛废水能够很好地完成生物沥浸过程。反应结束后体系p H稳定在3.0左右,COD去除率高达90%以上,色度由原来的1 875倍降到20倍,沉淀中油脂去除率高于65%,且比阻降低至原来的0.2%~0.3%。而在对照处理中,体系p H值稳定在8.0左右,COD去除率小于10%,油脂去除率不足10%,洗毛废水比阻仅降低20%。因此,采用预酸化及生物沥浸作用有利于洗毛废水酸化处理的连续运行并具有良好的应用前景。     

Sulphur-oxidising bacteria isolated from deep caves improve the removal of arsenic from contaminated harbour sediments

Acidophilic S-oxidising bacteria isolated from sulphur-rich deep caves (Frasassi, Italy), characterised by relatively low temperature, were tested for their ability to mobilise (semi-)metals from contaminated sediments. Sediment samples from two commercial Italian seaports were used to set up bioleaching experiments. The effect of different growth substrates was also investigated. Our experiments revealed that S-oxidising bacteria isolated from Frasassi caves have a high potential to remove As from contaminated marine sediments, as never reported before. Although As solubilisation efficiency was quite low (i.e. about 30%), only a small amount of As was associated with non-residual fractions of the sediment. On the contrary, the solubilisation efficiencies of Zn and Ni (20% and 10%, respectively) were lower than those previously obtained by the use of other acidophilic bacteria and mainly influenced by the experimental conditions rather than by the presence of the S-oxidising bacteria. Results presented here open new perspectives in bioleaching applications for the remediation of contaminated sediments. Indeed, microbial strains adapted to relatively low-temperature environments could improve sediment bioleaching at temperature regimes where mesophilic and thermophilic strains are not favoured. Such strains could be exploited for developing selective bioremediation procedures for sediments contaminated with As, to be applied in multistep biotreatment processes.     

不同污泥浓度对生物沥滤过程的影响

以硫酸亚铁盐作为底物,氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Thiobacillus ferrooxidans）为主要沥滤微生物,在底物投配比为10 g/L,温度为25℃,曝气量为1 L/min的条件下,对5种不同浓度的桂林城市污泥中重金属进行生物沥滤试验。结果表明,生物沥滤的污泥浓度宜控制在25.6 g/L,沥滤3 d后,污泥中超标元素Cu、Zn和Cd的去除率分别达到58.17%、75.90%和93.64%,沥滤处理后污泥中残余重金属含量符合污泥农用的国家标准。     

Autoheated thermophilic aerobic sludge digestion and metal bioleaching in a two-stage reactor system

A two-stage process has been developed for stabilization of sludge and removal of heavy metals from the secondary activated sludge with high rate of energy and time conservation.The first stage of the process involves autoheated thermophilic aerobic digestion at 55-60°C inoculated with less-acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms(ATAD).The results show that it is possible to maintain the autoheated conditions(55-60°C) in the ATAD reactor up to 24 hr,leading to reduction of 21% total solids(TS),27% volatile solids(VS),27% suspended solids(SS) and 33% volatile suspended solids(VSS) from the sludge.The sludge pH also decreased from 7 to 4.6 due to the activity of less-acidophilic thermophilic microorganisms.In the second stage operation,the digested sludge(pH 4.6,TS 31.6 g/L) from stage one was subjected to bioleaching in a continuous stirred tank reactor,operated at mean hydraulic retention times(HRTs) of 12,24 and 36 hr at 30°C.An HRT of 24 hr was found to be sufficient for removal of 70% Cu,70% Mn,75% Ni,and 80% Zn from the sludge.In all,39% VSS,76% Cu,78.2% Mn,79.5% Ni and 84.2% Zn were removed from the sludge in both the stages.     

低温条件下污泥静置沉降时间对城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能的影响

研究城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能与污泥静置沉降时间的关系,对城市污泥生物沥浸工程化应用具有指导性作用.因此,以城市生物沥浸污泥为研究对象,研究了低温条件下(5℃和15℃)污泥静置0～6d过程中,污泥pH值和脱水性能(用比阻γ表征)的变化情况.同时,对实验室污泥比阻与厢式压滤机中试结果进行了相关性分析.结果表明:温度增加将有利于污泥沉降,在实际运行中沥浸污泥可选择静置0.5d再进行压滤脱水.随着静置时间的延长,冬季(5℃)和春季(15℃)城市沥浸污泥pH值和比阻均呈逐渐上升的趋势.静置6d后,pH值分别从3.93和3.87上升到5.10和5.32,比阻γ分别从1.72×1012m·kg-1和1.76×1012m·kg-1上升到3.08×1012m·kg-1和5.82×1012m·kg-1.实验室污泥比阻测定和厢式压滤机中试结果表明,不同静置时间下污泥比阻γ与压滤机压滤脱水V-t/V曲线(V:滤液体积;t:过滤时间)斜率k呈极显著正相关关系,说明用污泥比阻γ能准确地反映出生物沥浸污泥的压滤脱水性能.这对生物沥浸技术在工程上的应用和推广具有重要意义.     

生物淋滤法处理制革污泥的运行方式研究

生物淋滤技术浸提去除污泥中的重金属,是使污泥洁净化的有效方法.在自行设计的一套总容积为50 L的搅拌釜式反应器中进行制革污泥的生物淋滤试验.在连续曝气时,研究了连续搅拌方式和搅拌30 min后,停机30、45、60min再搅拌的间歇运行方式的效果.结果表明,连续搅拌运行以及搅拌30 min后停机30、45、60 min的间歇搅拌运行,分别经过48、60、84、156 h的生物淋滤,污泥的pH值下降到2.0以下,氧化还原电位(ORP)上升到530～545 mV,铬的溶出率达到99%以上;当固定供气量为9L/min时,污泥中的溶解氧保持在1.2～2.7 mg/L;在各种运行方式中,搅拌30 min再停机30 min的间歇运行方式,其淋滤效果与连续搅拌方式相近,而综合能耗最低,因此,搅拌30 min再停机30 min的间歇搅拌运行方式可作为工程应用的参考.     

草酸青霉SL2对高浓度铬污染土壤的生物淋洗及胞内铬形态转化研究

铬渣无序堆存造成的铬污染土壤迫切需要修复治理.本文以新筛选的功能微生物草酸青霉SL2(Penicillium oxalicum SL2)为材料,以重度铬污染土壤为研究对象,进行生物淋洗技术优化,并利用软X射线扫描透射显微光谱技术(STXM)及同步辐射X射线近边吸收结构谱学(XANES)分析淋洗后的草酸青霉SL2胞内铬空间分布化学形态.结果表明:分步处理并进行水洗预处理可明显提高草酸青霉SL2对高浓度铬污染土壤的总铬TCr淋出率(49.4%),淋出液中Cr(VI)在3 d内全部被还原;生物淋洗后,草酸青霉SL2胞内吸收累积了Cr(VI),部分被还原为Cr(III),两个价态的Cr在空间分布上具有一定的一致性;胞内铬形态主要为磷酸铬、草酸铬钾及半胱氨酸铬类化合物,其含量分别为46.9%、33.0%和20.1%.     

嗜酸微生物生态学与矿物生物浸出技术

综述了嗜酸微生物存在的环境、生态结构和微生物多样性,以及温度、氧对嗜酸微生物的影响.总结了嗜酸微生物群落间存在竞争、捕食、共生、合作等相互作用关系,这对理解矿物的生物浸出具有重要意义.目前对嗜酸微生物生态学的理解主要基于传统的纯菌培养分离技术,但是分子生物学技术的发展提供了更科学的研究手段,将纯菌培养分离技术和分子生物学技术相结合是研究嗜酸微生物生态的有效方法.认为理解嗜酸微生物生态学规律,将有利于开发新的微生物矿物加工技术,我国有必要加强浸矿微生物生态学的研究.表1参24     

生物浸沥去除污泥中的重金属

结合国内外最近的研究进展 ,对一种新兴的能够经济有效的去除污泥中重金属的方法 -生物浸沥作一些介绍 ,包括重金属在污泥中的存在形态、生物浸沥的机理、影响生物浸沥过程的一些因素等     

酸化污泥回流的生物淋滤技术处理制革污泥

采用回流——即在原始污泥中添加淋滤结束的生物酸化污泥继续进行淋滤的方法,研究了回流比、混合污泥起始pH值、酸化污泥pH值对生物淋滤技术去除制革污泥中重金属铬的影响.结果表明,采用回流的方法能够同步完成原污泥的预酸化和接种,当控制回流后混合污泥的起始pH值在4.00左右时,经过3d的淋滤,污泥的pH值下降到1.95以下,污泥中铬的溶出率达到95%以上.