Public perceptions and attitudes to biological risks: Saudi Arabia and regional perspectives

Saudi Arabia has experienced frequent occurrences of biological disasters due to a wide range of generator factors, including natural disasters and epidemics. A national survey (n=1,164) was conducted across 13 regions of Saudi Arabia to examine public perceptions to the risk of a biological disaster. The primary results reveal: (a) a degree of knowledge about biological threats such as SARS and H5N1 flu, despite the lack of individual experience with disasters; (b) age, gender, education and faith are positively related to the perception of biological risk; and (c) a number of important community resilience factors exist, including faith, education and willingness. This study concludes that the development of adapted resilience strategies in disaster management can be achieved through public education and training involving cooperation with official organisations and religious authorities in the country to increase public awareness, knowledge and skills in mitigating biological threats.     

Assessment of source water contamination by estrogenic disrupting compounds in China

Detection of estrogenic disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking waters around China has led to rising concerns about health risks associated with these compounds. There is, however, a paucity of studies on the occurrence and identification of the main compounds responsible for this pollution in the source waters. To fill this void, we screened estrogenic activities of 23 source water samples from six main river systems in China, using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay. All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity, with E2 equivalents (EEQ) of raw water ranging from 0.08 to 2.40 ng/L. Additionally, 16 samples were selected for chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The EDCs of most concern, including estrone (E1), 17βup-estradiol (E2), 17αup-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol valerate (EV), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenols (4-NP) and bisphenol A (BPA), were determined at concentrations of up to 2.98, 1.07, 2.67, 4.37, 2.52, 1.96, 89.52, 280.19 and 710.65 ng/L, respectively. Causality analysis, involving comparison of EEQ values from yeast assay and chemical analysis identified E2, EE2 and 4-NP as the main responsible compounds, accounting for the whole estrogenic activities (39.74% to 96.68%). The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and yeast assay could be used for the identification and evaluation of EDCs in source waters of China.     

速分球生物滤柱处理低C/N比废水脱氮除磷研究

速分球生物滤柱是速分技术与曝气生物滤池技术的结合。具有污泥消化和无需反冲洗等优点。实验采用速分球生物滤柱实验装置,以低C/N比生活污水为处理对象,考查了单污泥前置反硝化A2/O系统的脱氮除磷特性。实验结果表明,在平均C/N比为1.6,内回流比R为100%的条件下,平均进水COD、氨氮、TP分别为440.7、274.0和13.6 mg/L,平均去除率分别为77.0%、19.2%和42.4%。系统对氨氮的去除率较低,对总磷的去除率要明显高于对氨氮的去除率。结论得出,系统脱氮除磷的效果不理想。     

镁离子浓度对SBR生物除磷系统的影响

通过不投加镁离子（R1）、投加8 mg/L镁离子（R2）以及投加24 mg/L镁离子（R3）,分析镁离子对SBR生物除磷体系的影响.结果表明,适量镁离子的添加会加速聚磷菌的富集,有助于维持生物除磷系统的稳定运行.在稳定运行阶段,镁离子不充足的系统（R1）磷酸盐去除率逐渐下降至50%以下,系统呈恶化趋势,而在镁离子充足的...     

水力负荷及固相碳源对BAF+多级土壤渗滤组合工艺处理污水的影响研究

碳源的选择及曝气量的控制是影响多级土壤渗滤系统(multi-soil-laying,即MSL)脱氮效果的重要因素.试验采用BAF+MSL两段式新型组合工艺,避免了传统MSL曝气过量抑制反硝化脱氮的风险.考察了不同水力负荷下,BAF+MSL对生活污水的净化效果,并比较研究了以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为反硝化碳源的MSL-1及木屑为碳源的MSL-2的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,不同水力负荷下,系统对SS平均去除率为94.08%,对COD的去除率均在80%以上,出水COD在20mg·L-1以下.水力负荷对系统BAF段硝化性能影响较小,对MSL反硝化脱氮影响较大.BAF水力负荷为0.5、1及2m·3m-·2d-1时,BAF对NH4+-N的去除率均在90%以上,对TN的平均去除率依次为26.53%、11.09%、5.71%;对应MSL段水力负荷分别为0.25、0.50及1m·3m-·2d-1时,MSL-1对TN平均去除率分别为87.39%、65.09%、45.56%,MSL-2平均去除率依次为61.51%、42.52%、31.32%.MSL-1脱氮性能明显优于MSL-2,而两者除磷效果区别较小.随着水力负荷增大,MSL对TP去除率依次降低,MSL-1对TP平均去除率最高为91.97%.     

微藻型微生物燃料电池的研究进展

在石油资源日趋紧张以及环境恶化日趋严重的今天,微生物燃料电池(MFC)因其可同时实现污水处理和能源回收而受到广泛关注。微藻技术与MFC技术结合产生的微藻型MFC系统得到证实并随之兴起,其中尤以微藻生物阴极型MFC因可实现污水处理、零碳排放、CO2捕捉、太阳能捕获及电能、生物柴油、藻体残渣有价回收等多重功能,成为研究热点。文章根据其中微藻所起的不同作用将微藻型MFC系统分成三类,在参阅大量文献的基础上进行了全面综述,并由此对构建高效微藻生物阴极型MFC进行了探讨,提出了计算机辅助菌种选择技术等相关设想,最后对微藻型MFC的发展提出了展望。     

双室悬浮载体低温工业废水脱氮处理研究

根据生物脱氮原理设计了一套一体化反应器并将其用于工业废水处理,研究双室悬浮载体对工业废水脱氮影响的同时分析了系统中微生物群落的结构组成。结果表明:在低温状态下,双室载体内生物种类较多,且主要以杆菌为主,钟虫和线虫等也较多。COD去除率总体较低但相对稳定,各反应器平均去除率均在65%以上。双室悬浮载体比普通悬浮载体的氨氮和总氮去除率高7%~10%。对处理前后废水进行GC-MS扫描后发现,双室悬浮载体可去除废水中的苯酚类同系物及甲苯并具有一定的脱硫能力。以Grau模型计算了进水底物浓度变化时的底物降解常数,利用双室悬浮载体,HRT为20 h时的底物降解常数最大(0.358)。因此,双室悬浮生物载体对工业废水低温脱氮来说是一种较好的微生物载体。     

油田油泥(砂)废弃物排放状况及处理技术

中国油田及石油化工行业每年油泥(砂)的排放量达到80多万吨,已严重制约油田的可持续发展。油泥(砂)中石油含量达10%～30%,还含有多环芳烃、重金属等污染物,可对生态环境和人体健康造成危害。国内外已广泛开展了油泥(砂)处理技术的研究。油泥(砂)处理技术包括资源回收技术、无害化处理技术和综合利用技术。本文简述了水洗处理技术、生物处理技术和热解气化焚烧工艺,并对不同处理技术的优缺点进行了比较。应结合中国国情及成本等方面综合考虑选用不同的处理方法,实现油泥的减量化、无害化、资源化、清洁化处理。     

聚磷菌与聚糖菌竞争影响因素的研究进展

根据国内外文献的有关报道,综述了在强化生物除磷系统中聚糖菌与聚磷菌相互竞争的有关影响因素,并指出了今后的研究方向。     

四膜虫彗星实验在环境水质检测中的应用

介绍四膜虫作为生物材料在彗星实验水质检测中的应用,探讨了将单细胞原生生物应用于彗星实验在环境水质检测、遗传毒性检测等方面的应用优势和发展前景。研究结果表明:过氧化氢浓度与细胞损伤之间呈现良好的剂量-效应关系,东湖水和长江水未造成四膜虫DNA的损伤,印染厂污水对细胞有严重的损伤作用,可能会影响正常的生态环境。