新烟碱类农药呋虫胺对映体选择性研究进展

农业生产中,呋虫胺以外消旋体的形式销售和使用,在进入生态环境后出现对映体选择性降解、吸收、代谢、排泄等.不区分对映体间差异的传统风险评估给呋虫胺的合理使用与生态安全带来了诸多隐患.研究指出S-呋虫胺既是高毒体也是高活体,其生态毒性为R-呋虫胺的13.9~145.9倍,但R-呋虫胺也表现出较高的杀虫活性,且作物中优先降解,开发高比例的R体农药有利于维持杀虫活性的同时降低对非靶生物和生态环境的负效应.本文旨在综述呋虫胺对映体选择性生物活性、生态毒性及环境行为研究进展,为其科学难题的解决提供新思路,也为其科学有效管理提供理论依据.     

曝气生物滤池反冲洗污泥特性研究

研究了曝气生物滤池(BAF)反冲洗污泥的生物相组成、生物活性、沉降特性及絮凝性能。结果表明,BAF反冲洗污泥具有较强的生物活性和絮凝性能,将其作为生物絮凝剂预处理生活污水时,最佳投加量为0.05～0.1体积比(反冲水占混合液体积比),对污水中COD和SS的去除率分别为21.2%～26.8%和34.2%～37.5%,能够达到预处理目的。     

厌氧生物处理技术发展概况

从厌氧微生物的发现及应用,详细阐述厌氧生物处理技术的发展历程,分析了厌氧生物处理技术在国内外的应用和发展前景,为厌氧生物处理技术在国内的应用和发展指明方向。     

江苏油田生活污水生物处理技术述评

简介了生物处理生活污水的技术，对几种主要生物处理法进行了综合评价，并结合江苏油田生活污水生物处理的实践，综合分析了活性污泥法、生物转盘法、接触氧化法等三种主要生物处理技术，初步提出了中小规模生活污水处理场的设计标准，可供油田生活基地中小规模生活污水处理场设计时参考。     

基于SBR反应器的ANAMMOX工艺的启动运行

采用SBR反应器,接种好氧硝化污泥,在142 d内于较高负荷下成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器.反应器总氮容积负荷(以N计)为0.43 kg/m3·d,总氮去除率最高达到93.3%,平均为80.5%;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率最高达到93.9%和99.8%,平均去除率为81.2%和85.7%.在稳定运行阶段,氨氮去除量、亚硝酸盐氮去除量、硝酸盐氮生成量三者之间的比值为1:1.38:0.18.反应器启动过程中,出水、进水pH差值的变化趋势由负到正,然后稳定在一定范围内;且污泥性状有较大变化,污泥中微生物所占比率有所提高,整个反应器中适应厌氧氨氧化运行方式的菌种增殖较快.     

Evaluating unintended consequences of intentional species introductions and eradications for improved conservation management

Increasingly intensive strategies to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function are being deployed in response to global anthropogenic threats, including intentionally introducing and eradicating species via assisted migration, rewilding, biological control, invasive species eradications, and gene drives. These actions are highly contentious because of their potential for unintended consequences. We conducted a global literature review of these conservation actions to quantify how often unintended outcomes occur and to elucidate their underlying causes. To evaluate conservation outcomes, we developed a community assessment framework for systematically mapping the range of possible interaction types for 111 case studies. Applying this tool, we quantified the number of interaction types considered in each study and documented the nature and strength of intended and unintended outcomes. Intended outcomes were reported in 51% of cases, a combination of intended outcomes and unintended outcomes in 26%, and strictly unintended outcomes in 10%. Hence, unintended outcomes were reported in 36% of all cases evaluated. In evaluating overall conservations outcomes (weighing intended vs. unintended effects), some unintended effects were fairly innocuous relative to the conservation objective, whereas others resulted in serious unintended consequences in recipient communities. Studies that assessed a greater number of community interactions with the target species reported unintended outcomes more often, suggesting that unintended consequences may be underreported due to insufficient vetting. Most reported unintended outcomes arose from direct effects (68%) or simple density-mediated or indirect effects (25%) linked to the target species. Only a few documented cases arose from more complex interaction pathways (7%). Therefore, most unintended outcomes involved simple interactions that could be predicted and mitigated through more formal vetting. Our community assessment framework provides a tool for screening future conservation actions by mapping the recipient community interaction web to identify and mitigate unintended outcomes from intentional species introductions and eradications for conservation.     

A stochastic model for estimating sustainable limits to wildlife mortality in a changing world

Human-caused mortality of wildlife is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Assessing the population-level impact of fisheries bycatch and other human-caused mortality of wildlife has typically relied upon deterministic methods. However, population declines are often accelerated by stochastic factors that are not accounted for in such conventional methods. Building on the widely applied potential biological removal (PBR) equation, we devised a new population modeling approach for estimating sustainable limits to human-caused mortality and applied it in a case study of bottlenose dolphins affected by capture in an Australian demersal otter trawl fishery. Our approach, termed sustainable anthropogenic mortality in stochastic environments (SAMSE), incorporates environmental and demographic stochasticity, including the dependency of offspring on their mothers. The SAMSE limit is the maximum number of individuals that can be removed without causing negative stochastic population growth. We calculated a PBR of 16.2 dolphins per year based on the best abundance estimate available. In contrast, the SAMSE model indicated that only 2.3–8.0 dolphins could be removed annually without causing a population decline in a stochastic environment. These results suggest that reported bycatch rates are unsustainable in the long term, unless reproductive rates are consistently higher than average. The difference between the deterministic PBR calculation and the SAMSE limits showed that deterministic approaches may underestimate the true impact of human-caused mortality of wildlife. This highlights the importance of integrating stochasticity when evaluating the impact of bycatch or other human-caused mortality on wildlife, such as hunting, lethal control measures, and wind turbine collisions. Although population viability analysis (PVA) has been used to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality, SAMSE represents a novel PVA framework that incorporates stochasticity for estimating acceptable levels of human-caused mortality. It offers a broadly applicable, stochastic addition to the demographic toolbox to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality on wildlife.     

生物法处理棉浆黑液的现场实验研究

利用经驯化的以嗜碱菌群为主的好氧活性污泥及常规厌氧、好氧污泥,针对不同浓度的棉浆黑液在现场进行了单独"好氧"及"好氧-厌氧-好氧"全流程工艺实验。结果表明:对棉浆黑液直接进行好氧曝气,可将原水pH值自12.4左右稳定降低至10以下,COD去除率可达40%左右。全流程实验中厌氧效果显著,pH值最低可降至8.2,整个系统抗冲击能力强,运行稳定,COD总去除率保持在63%以上。     

节能型焦化污水生物脱氮新工艺的生产性试验研究

采用节能型生物脱氮新工艺对黑龙江某焦化厂的污水处理站进行生产性试验研究,结果表明:处理后出水达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级,并可回用于熄焦。该工艺适合推广应用于焦化污水、垃圾渗滤液、养殖、化肥等高含氮有机污水的处理。     

一体化膜生物反应器处理低C/N污水试验研究

研究一体化连续流间歇曝气膜生物反应器(IMBR)处理低C/N城市污水的工艺效能。试验结果表明:反应器在曝气2 h、搅拌2 h的运行模式下,对COD、NH4+-N、TN和SS的平均去除率分别达到了87%,83.4%,75.4%和97.81%,各出水质量浓度平均值分别为17.5,4.59,7.63和2 mg/L,出水水质达到了GB/T18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》标准。