Thiocyanate-induced labilization of schwertmannite: Impacts and mechanisms

Schwertmannite is an amorphous iron(III)-oxyhydroxysulfate that forms in acid mine drainage(AMD) environments. The characteristic of high heavy metal adsorption capability makes schwertmannite a potentially useful, environmentally friendly material in wastewater treatment. Unstable schwertmannite is prone to recrystallization.Understanding the mechanisms that induce schwertmannite labilization and affect its capacity to remove heavy metals are of great environmental and geochemical significance.Thiocyanate(SCNˉ) is a hazardous pseudohalide that is also normally found in AMD.However, little is known about the impact of Fe(III)-binding ligand SCNˉ on schwertmannite stability and its subsequent capacity to bind trace elements. Here, we investigated the adsorption of SCNˉ on schwertmannite and subsequent mineral transformation to characterize this little-known process. The appearance of Fe2+indicated that the interactions between schwertmannite and SCNˉ may involve complexation and reduction reactions. Results showed that the majority of the adsorbed-SCNˉ was immobilized on schwertmannite during the 60-days transformation. The transformation rates of schwertmannite increased with increasing concentrations of SCNˉ. Goethite was detected as the dominant transformation product with or without SCNˉ. The mechanisms of SCNˉ-promoted dissolution of schwertmannite can be described as follows:(1) formation of Fe(III)–NCS complexes on the schwertmannite surface and in solution, a process which increases the reactivity of solid phase Fe(III);(2) the extraction of Fe(III) from schwertmannite by SCNˉ and subsequent schwertmannite dissolution; and(3) the formation of secondary minerals from extracted Fe(III). These findings may improve AMD treatment strategies and provide insight into the use and potential reuse of schwertmannite as a trace element sorbent.     

Enhanced removal of organic matter and typical disinfection byproduct precursors in combined iron–carbon micro electrolysis-UBAF process for drinking water pre-treatment

The organic matter and two types of disinfection byproduct(DBP) precursors in micropolluted source water were removed using an iron–carbon micro-electrolysis(ICME)combined with up-flow biological aerated filter(UBAF) process. Two pilot-scale experiments(ICME-UBAF and UBAF alone) were used to investigate the effect of the ICME system on the removal of organic matter and DBP precursors. The results showed that ICME pretreatment removed 15.6% of dissolved organic matter(DOM)and significantly improved the removal rate in the subsequent UBAF process. The ICME system removed 31% of trichloromethane(TCM) precursors and 20% of dichloroacetonitrile(DCAN) precursors. The results of measurements of the molecular weight distribution and hydrophilic fractions of DOM and DBP precursors showed that ICME pretreatment played a key role in breaking large-molecular-weight organic matter into low-molecular-weight components, and the hydrophobic fraction into hydrophilic compounds, which was favorable for subsequent biodegradation by UBAF.Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy(3D-EEM) further indicated that the ICME system improved the removal of TCM and DCAN precursors. The biomass analysis indicated the presence of a larger and more diverse microbial community in the ICME-UBAF system than for the UBAF alone. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that domination of the genera Sphingomonas, Brevundimonas and Sphingorhabdus contributed to the better removal of organic matter and two types of DBP precursors. Also, Nitrosomonas and Pseudomonas were beneficial for ammonia removal.     

多聚磷酸盐激酶基因在污水生物除磷中的功能

为验证多聚磷酸盐激酶基因(ppk)在污水生物除磷中的功能.采用Red敲除系统,以p KD4质粒为模板,设计同源短臂,扩增外源线性DNA片段,将外源线性DNA片段电转化整合入已导入p KD46的大肠杆菌ATCC25922野生型菌株.获得重组菌E.coli/ppk~-Kan~+.将p CP20导入大肠杆菌E.coli/ppk~-Kan~+以消除卡那霉素抗性基因,通过负抗性筛选及正反向引物验证,构建无抗生素抗性的ppk基因缺失工程菌株E.coli/ppk~-Kan~-.比较工程菌株和野生型菌株的生长特性,并比较两者在缺磷诱导/富磷及多次厌氧/好氧诱导条件下的除磷性能.结果表明采用Red重组系统,通过无痕敲除,成功构建了大肠杆菌ppk基因缺失菌株E.coli/ppk~-Kan~-.敲除后的工程菌株和野生型菌株生长整体没有差异,但是4 h前对数期工程菌株生长快于野生型菌株,8 h后稳定期工程菌株生长慢于野生型菌株,表明ppk影响菌体的生长;缺磷诱导/富磷条件下,工程菌株并未表现出因ppk缺失而影响其除磷能力;经过5次厌氧/好氧诱导,两菌菌体含磷量保持在1%~2%,没有因诱导次数的增加而表现出菌体含磷量增加的趋势,也未发现厌氧有PHB好氧有聚磷颗粒生成,表明ppk基因的缺失并没有引起菌体除磷能力的下降.ppk并未表现出明显的与污水生物除磷相关的功能.     

基质投加量对生物调理改善污泥脱水性能的影响

通过在剩余污泥中投加FeSO_4及S~0的生物基质进行生物调理的方法改善污泥脱水性质.在确定两者的投加质量比为7∶3(FeSO_4的质量以Fe~(2+)计)的条件下,分别投加质量为污泥干重的10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的混合基质,结果表明当基质投加量为污泥干重的20%时,污泥的脱水性能最佳.其中,毛细吸水时间(CST)较对照组降低了38.71%,粘度下降了81.91%,泥饼含固率为对照组的135.19%.同时,污泥中的胞外聚合物(EPS)总量有了显著的下降,污泥絮体中的有机质从与污泥细胞更紧密结合的紧密型EPS(TB-EPS)中释放到较外层的疏松型EPS(LB-EPS)中,且Zeta电位接近中性,从而使得污泥脱水性能得到改善.     

基于改进灰色聚类法的矿区土壤重金属污染评价

在传统灰色聚类法的基础上,以白化函数为突破口进行模型优化改进,并将其应用于马鞍山重点矿区土壤重金属污染评价中。结果表明:通过e型指数函数优化的白化函数评价范围更广,不遗漏任何重要信息;纳入生物毒性因子的双因子权重赋值法可挖掘出潜在的污染因子,使其评价应用更为合理;改进灰色聚类法较传统灰聚类法等更能综合地反映多种重金属联合作用下对土壤环境质量的影响,使其评价结果更为客观。     

Arsenic speciation in fish from Greek coastal areas

Arsenic speciation analysis was conducted on fish samples(sardine and anchovy) collected from six areas along the Greek coastline, i.e. Artemisium Straits, Thermaikos Gulf, Amvrakikos Gulf,Strymonian Gulf, Thracian Sea, and Elefsina Gulf. Total arsenic levels ranging from 11.8 to62.6 mg As/kg dry weight were determined. Arsenobetaine, a non-toxic form of arsenic, was found to be the main arsenic species, present at 8.6 to 58.8 mg As/kg dry weight, accounting for67–95% of the total arsenic. Also detected in all fish samples was dimethylarsinic acid, although at considerably lower concentrations, ranging from 0.072–0.956 mg As/kg dry weight.Monomethylarsonic acid was detected at low levels in all anchovy samples, and only in sardines from one area. Finally, inorganic arsenic in the form of arsenate was detected only in fish at one area, indicating the possible effect of an environmental parameter on its presence at detectable amounts. Statistical analysis revealed the environmental variables, such as salinity,total organic carbon and nitrogen, ammonium, phosphate, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and pressure index, are potentially correlated to As species concentrations. Furthermore, based on factor analysis, the biological parameters, such as fish weight, lipids, protein and ash content,that are correlated to As species concentrations of fish were also identified. The interrelationship of arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid concentrations within each fish species was evaluated.     

生物活性炭对不同C/N比废水同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的影响

以连续运行的生物活性炭(biological actived carbon,BAC)填料反应器为研究对象,与序批式活性污泥反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)对比,考察了BAC的加入对不同C/N比废水同步硝化反硝化(simultaneous nitrification and denitrification,SND)脱氮效果的影响.在室温(15~27℃),初始溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)质量浓度2~3 mg·L-1条件下,以甲醇做外加碳源,分别设置进水C/N比为3、5、8和10运行120个周期,比较两反应器的脱氮效果及稳定性.结果表明,C/N比由3依次升至5和8时BAC填料反应器脱氮效果优于SBR,TN平均去除率分别达44.88%、58.07%和66.64%.继续增大进水C/N至10,SBR发生污泥膨胀,而BAC反应器仍能保持63.65%的TN去除率.实验证明BAC在单一反应器内创造了多样的溶解氧环境,为SND创造了适宜的条件.BAC的加入减小了过量有机碳对硝化系统带来的影响,扩大了反应器的C/N比适用范围,增加了运行的稳定性,提高了有机物的脱氮容量,为高效脱氮提供了可能.     

双氧水协同生化法强化处理印染废水

传统生化法对印染废水的处理有一定的局限性.本文研究了双氧水协同水解酸化-接触氧化系统,对印染废水进行强化处理.采用污泥挂膜、生化系统启动、双氧水协同启动的方法,将双氧水投加到水解酸化时的条件严格控制为:投加3m L·L~(-1)、投加量100.0 m L、流速0.67 m L·min-1、投加频率1次·d-1,可使整个系统成功启动与稳定运行.实验结果表明,双氧水协同水解酸化-接触氧化可对印染废水中的特征污染物进行有效强化处理.其中,COD平均去除率为89.8%,氨氮平均去除率为96.7%,PVA平均去除率为87.4%,废水平均脱色率为92.1%.采用16S rDNA宏基因组高通量测序技术,对比分析了接种种泥、水解酸化污泥和接触氧化污泥微生物的群落结构.结果表明,经过驯化,水解酸化和接触氧化微生物群落均发现了显著变化.其中,水解酸化污泥优势菌门主要为变形菌门Proteobacteria、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes和疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia;接触氧化污泥优势菌门主要为浮霉菌门Planctomycetes、变形菌门Proteobacteria和酸杆菌门Acidobacteria.该实验从宏观和微观角度,均证实双氧水协同生化法强化处理印染废水具有技术可行性.     

生物膜脱氮滤池的微生物群落结构特性

为探究生物膜脱氮滤池脱氮效能差异的微生物因素,设置组1(包括接种污泥、稳定期滤料、反冲洗后滤料微生物变化)和组2(包括反冲洗前滤料、反冲洗后不同时间段滤料微生物变化)两组实验,通过高通量测序,研究不同阶段微生物群落结构、丰度和多样性的分布情况.结果表明:接种污泥与滤料表面微生物群落结构和多样性在门水平下差异不大,但在属水平下差异显著,而相对丰度在两种分类水平下始终差异显著.反冲洗后0～4 h滤料表面微生物的OTU数目、Shannon指数、Chao1指数变化,在滤池30 cm处先升后降,而在60 cm处曲折上升,也即二者的微生物丰度和多样性变化趋势.反冲洗前后Proteobacteria始终占主导地位,相对丰度为79%～90%,Proteobacteria中Betaproteobacteria占主导优势,反冲洗后Betaproteobacteria数量相对减少,后逐渐恢复.总反硝化优势菌属相对丰度在反冲洗1 h后30 cm处由78%左右下降到70%左右,60 cm处由68%左右下降到64%左右,此时出水总氮达到最高值7.7 mg·L~(-1),之后总反硝化优势菌属及出水TN浓度逐渐恢复至正常水平,这种消长变化表明滤池脱氮效果与总反硝化优势菌属相对丰度密切相关,滤池运行状态的改变使得反硝化优势菌属的群落结构差异显著.     

nZVI@SiO2-NH2对合成染料脱色效果及其对大肠杆菌生物毒性研究

采用液相还原法并使用氨基修饰的二氧化硅合成包覆型的纳米零价铁(nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2),同时,采用XRD、FT-IR及TEM等多种方法对所制备的材料进行表征.TEM表征结果表明,nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2粒径分布在10～50 nm之间,壳层厚度为15 nm.XRD和FTIR分析表明,复合颗粒具有Fe~0晶型结构的内核,表面SiO_2壳层存在氨基化修饰.使用nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2和nZVI对各类染料进行脱色处理,结果表明,nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2对上述染料的脱色效果都优于nZVI,且nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2具有对染料进行连续脱色的能力.大肠杆菌的存活情况和细胞内酶LDH和SOD的活性变化表明,nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2对生物的毒性更小.