硫酸锰渣污染土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物活性

测定了硫酸锰渣污染土壤中Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Mn的总量和各形态含量.结果表明重金属总量远超过环境背景值和土壤环境二级标准.重金属各形态分布特征:Cu,有机态>残渣态>铁锰氧化态>碳酸盐态>可交换态;Zn,残渣态>铁锰氧化态>有机态>碳酸盐态>可交换态;Cd,铁锰氧化态>可交换态>碳酸盐态>残渣态>有机态;Pb,铁锰氧化态>残渣态>有机态>碳酸盐态>可交换态;Mn,铁锰氧化态>残渣态>可交换态>有机态>碳酸盐态.重金属的生物可利用性系数和迁移系数均为Cd>Mn>Pb>Cu>Zn.     

利用好氧性嗜碱菌处理棉浆黑液的实验研究

利用经驯化的以嗜碱菌群为主的好氧活性污泥对高碱性棉浆黑液直接进行好氧摇床.结果表明,嗜碱菌生长良好,摇床7 h后,黑液的pH值可稳定下降至10以下.继续摇床,pH最低可降至9.0左右,而CODCr去除率可达40%以上.同时,考察了培养温度、黑液浓度及MLSS对棉浆黑液中CODCr去除率的影响,在培养温度为30 ℃,MLSS在4 000 mg/L左右,原黑液CODCr在4 000-5 000 mg/L时处理效果最好,CODCr去除率最高可达50%.     

恶性外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰在云南的分布格局

云南省是我国紫茎泽兰入侵最早和危害最严重的地区,紫茎泽兰已对该地区的生物多样性与生态环境造成严重的危害.基于2008年该省16个州市的调查统计数据,分析了恶性外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰在云南发生的空间分布格局与不同生境条件下的发生面积及危害情况,为今后紫茎泽兰的科学防治提供参考.     

Assessment of indoor radiation level in the environs of the uranium deposit area of West Khasi Hills District,Meghalaya, India

An estimation of the indoor background radiation dose distribution was carried out in dwellings of eleven villages located within and around the uranium mineralization area of Kylleng-Pyndensohiong, Mawthabah in West Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India. The ambient indoor gamma radiation level was monitored using Thermo Luminescence Dosimeters (TLDs) while the indoor radon and thoron concentration was measured using twin-cup dosimeters employing Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs). Results obtained from the study reveals that the local inhabitants of villages located close to the mining site receive higher doses than those inhabitants of villages located at a much farther distance from the mining site. The average total annual effective dose was found to be varying from 1.2 mSv y⁻¹ in the village of Langpa to 3.4 mSv y⁻¹ in the village of Nongbah Jynrin. The data obtained will serve as a reference in documenting changes to environmental radioactivity if mining is to be carried out in the future.     

Cu2+、Zn2+对生物脱氮系统的影响

Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺是污水处理工艺中经常遇到的金属离子。在驯化好的活性污泥系统中,研究了金属离子Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺在0～100 mg/L浓度下对活性污泥生物脱氮系统的影响。试验发现Cu²⁺＞5 mg/L、Zn²⁺＞30 mg/L时,对硝化过程具有明显的抑制作用,在同样浓度的试验条件下Cu²⁺对硝化过程的抑制作用比Zn²⁺大。Cu²⁺≤0.5 mg/L时对反硝化过程具有一定的促进作用,有助于提高TN的去除效果;Cu²⁺＞0.5 mg/L时,对反硝化产生抑制作用,随着浓度的增加,TN去除率逐渐下降。Zn²⁺不影响反硝化过程,仅在大于30 mg/L时,对硝化过程产生抑制作用。重金属Cu²⁺对生物脱氮系统的影响明显强于Zn²⁺。     

不同流向BAF硝化影响因素的对比试验

在温度、水力负荷、气水比、氨氮负荷、有机物负荷等硝化影响因素同等变化的情况下,进行了不同流向单级陶粒BAF硝化效果的对比试验研究。结果表明,UBAF的硝化效果和稳定性优于DBAF。若在同一反应器中同时去除有机物和氨氮,UBAF的经济气水比为3∶1～6∶1,DBAF的经济气水比为3∶1～5∶1。当进水有机物负荷<11 kg/(m³·d),有机物和氨氮的负荷比<5时,UBAF和DBAF的氨氮去除率相差不大。在较高COD浓度下,硝化菌在DBAF中与异氧菌的竞争能力不如UBAF。两级BAF的第一级宜为UBAF,但DBAF可能更适于作为二级滤池以提高系统稳定性、反硝化效率以及出水水质。     

曝气生物滤池处理农村污水的中试研究

采用研制的曝气生物滤池对农村污水进行处理,研究其性能特点和影响因素。结果表明：在气水比为5∶1,水力停留时间（HRT）为15 h,进水COD浓度在250 mg/L以下时,COD和氨氮的去除率分别在80％和90％以上,出水COD和氨氮值达到国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准;反应器在冬季水温12℃以上运行时出水COD和氨氮值比在夏季运行时有所上升,但去除率仍在80%和90%以上,可以达到排放标准。     

生活垃圾卫生填埋场甲烷减排与控制技术研究

系统地研究了生物氧化、生物抑制和风力驱动准好氧填埋的生活垃圾卫生填埋场甲烷减排集成技术.研究表明,喷洒了NMS营养液(80 mL/kg)的矿化垃圾为甲烷氧化覆盖层,可以持续氧化甲烷,第23天后甲烷氧化率稳定在75%左右;当氯仿质量浓度为20 mg/kg或乙炔体积分数达到1.2%时,甲烷产量极少,产甲烷菌几乎被完全抑制;采用风帽技术的改进型准好氧填埋可以利用风速0.5 m/s的自然风,在不增加成本的前提下大幅减少甲烷排放.     

Multi-attribute analysis of trophic state and waterfowl management in Ringkøbing Fjord,Denmark

A multi-attribute analysis by means of the general multi-attribute analysis (GMAA) decision support system was performed in order to rank different strategies for good water quality with respect to trophic state, and good conditions for waterfowl, in the lagoon Ringkøbing Fjord, Denmark. The remedial strategies included nutrient abatement and the construction of facilities to increase the water exchange between the lagoon and the sea. The analysis showed that it is essential to keep the mean annual salinity level constant, since a drastic change in salinity may cause massive destruction of the macrophyte belt with large effects on the water quality and waterfowl abundance. It may be cost-effective to build and maintain a saltwater pumping station or a second sluice to increase the seawater inflow. Further nutrient abatement may not be cost-effective, at least not on time-scales shorter than 20 years, but the utility from nutrient abatement increases if a second sluice is built additionally. However, all of the remedial strategies, except decreasing the salinity, were projected to cause rather small changes in the effect variables compared to the no action alternative.     

有风条件下室内火灾自然排烟模型试验研究

采用缩尺度试验方法对有风条件下室内火灾自然排烟过程准稳态进行研究,分析不同补气口、排烟口位置和风向对排烟效果的影响。试验结果表明:将补气口设在迎风面,排烟口设在背风面或侧风面时将获得比没有环境风时更好的自然排烟效果;而在其他情况下,环境风将通过减小排烟口处内外压差以及对室内烟气层产生扰动来降低自然排烟效果。在设置建筑自然排烟系统时,应综合考虑火灾具体情况以及当地风速条件,选择对自然排烟有利的排烟口与补气口位置组合,以提高自然排烟的效果。