静态清灰袋式除尘技术的产业化推广问题探讨

介绍了由我国自主研制的静态清灰袋式除尘技术,并从该技术自身的技术经济优势以及趋严的工业烟尘排放标准两个方面分析得出静态清灰袋式除尘技术的产业化推广应用具有良好的基础,进而结合该专利技术拥有企业自身的情况,探讨了4种可能的产业化推广模式,并对相应的市场效果进行了分析和预测。结果表明对该技术实施产业化推广是可行的。     

松花江干流肇源断面水体溶解氧动态特征分析

水体中溶解氧含量是判定水质的一个重要指标。基于松花江干流肇源断面不同时间尺度汇总数据的DO年内和年际变化趋势以及其与COD和NH_3-N关系分析表明,DO的年内变化趋势与松花江径流变化相关联,在平水期(04-06月和10-11月),DO值达到年内最高,介于7.64～7.70 mg/L;而在丰水期的(07-09月),DO值最低,在6.72～6.76 mg/L之间。年际间DO变化的特点是从2004-2010年,松花江干流的DO值呈增加趋势。不同时间尺度的数据整合结果有所差异,分析时间尺度越小,DO值变异性越强。回归分析表明,COD和NH_3-N对DO影响在枯水期显著(Sig≤0.001),DO与COD负相关,与NH_3-N正相关。     

干旱缺水地区缓解水危机的途径: 水资源需求管理的政策效应

水资源短缺是制约干旱区经济发展的瓶颈因素,缓解水资源供需矛盾必须引入水资源需求管理政策。基于市场机制的价格调整和基于行政管理的数量控制是水资源需求管理的两种重要手段。论文基于分布式水资源-经济模型,在用水需求零增长、用水结构升级调整的情景下,研究了水价调整和水量控制在抑制农业用水需求中的政策效应。结果表明,因现行灌溉水价过低,农户对水价上涨不敏感,水量控制比水价调整更加有效。如果要达到相同的节水效果,水价调整政策下农户收入损失比水量控制要更大。水价调整政策下农户收入损失由于成本上涨和作物结构转换导致,水量控制政策下农户收入损失主要是作物种植规模压缩所致,两种政策均需考虑一定的利益补偿。水价调整和水量控制都会导致种植结构转换,但对区域粮食安全影响不大,对经济作物的影响较大,水价上涨会减少用水量多的作物种植,水量控制会使作物种植结构由单方水效益低的作物转向单方水效益高的作物。     

黄河流域县域尺度生态系统服务供给和需求核算及时空变异

在核算黄河流域生态系统服务供给、需求及供需均衡度的基础上,分析国土空间格局演变与供需均衡度时空变化的共变趋势,采用相关分析和分位数回归方法测度各类国土空间对均衡度的影响及区域异质性。结果表明：（1）黄河流域国土空间格局及生态系统服务供需时空差异明显。下游和中上游沿河县域生活生产用地密集分布且2000—2015年增幅明显,生态系统服务供给增加与耕地和林地的分布一致,需求增加与人口密度和建设用地分布一致。（2）均衡度的时空变异受到国土空间格局演变的影响。不同均衡度水平下国土空间对均衡度的影响程度不同,且区域差异显著。（3）根据对均衡度产生影响的国土空间不同,不同区域应合理布局用地和发展政策以促进生态系统有效管理。     

重铬酸钾法测定化学需氧量的实验条件优化

以降低成本、减少二次污染、提供多元化实验条件为主要出发点,开展GB 11914-89中氯离子掩蔽剂加入量和催化剂种类等优化实验研究。结果表明:采用按比例加入的方式可以降低硫酸汞使用量,m[HgSO4]:m[Cl-]=10∶1即可达到有效掩蔽效果;在标准样品、地表水和一般废水的COD测定中,硫酸镍、硫酸铝钾和磷酸二氢锰作为硫酸银的替代物具有一定的可行性,建议最低加入量为4g/L。     

Can Desalination and Clean Energy Combined Help to Alleviate Global Water Scarcity?

The major present hindrance in using desalination to help alleviate global water scarcity is the cost of this technology, which, in turn is due to energy cost involved. This study examines historical trends in desalination and breaks up the cost of desalination into energy based and nonenergy based. It then develops the learning curves (relationship between cumulative production and market price) for desalination. Assuming that the photovoltaic (PV) technology will be the dominant form of energy used in the desalination process, the existing PV learning curve and desalination learning curve are combined to explore the viability of large‐scale adoption of desalination in the future. The world has been divided into seven regions and it is assumed that water demand from desalinated water will be met only within the 100‐km coastal belt. It is shown that, in most of the regions, other than sub‐Saharan Africa, Central America, and South Asia (where water tariffs are low), the desalination (without considering energy) becomes viable by 2040. For PV technology, less than 1 million MW per annum growth is required till 2050 to make it affordable. Globally, desalination with renewable energy can become a viable option to replace domestic and industrial water demand in the 100‐km coastal belt by 2050.     

Trends and development of steel demand in China: A bottom–up analysis

With economic development, the Chinese steel industry has rapidly expanded over the past three decades. However, this expansion has resulted in many problems, such as increasing energy consumption and excessive environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to analyze the future steel demand in China. This study presents changes in steel production and apparent steel consumption in the years 1998–2010. Steel is mainly consumed by construction, machinery, automobiles, shipbuilding, railways, petroleum, household appliances and containers, and these nine industries are analyzed separately using stock based models. The study suggests steel demand in China will rise from 600 million t in 2010 to a peak of 753 million t in 2025, and then gradually decrease to 510 million t in 2050. The construction industry is the largest steel consumer, although its share of total steel demand will decrease in the future. Steel demand in automobile manufacturing, by contrast, will increase rapidly before 2035, and its share will increase from 6.0% in 2010 to 19.0% in 2050. Sensitivity analysis on the four major impact factors such as saturation levels, lifetime distributions, GDP and urbanization rate shows that saturation levels of different products greatly affect long-term and short-term steel demands, while GDP and lifetime distributions, especially the lifetime distribution of buildings, mainly affect the short-term and long-term steel demands, respectively.     

Public Attitudes Towards Policy Instruments for Congestion Mitigation in Shanghai

Abstract

Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or applied; however, not all of them may be understood and accepted by the public. A survey was conducted to investigate people’s attitudes towards several policy options. The main findings reveal that Shanghai residents are resistant to certain policies, such as congestion charges, higher parking charges in congested areas and car restrictions. Instead, they favor public transport provisions. The paper suggests that there is a case for promoting public transport and more efficient trips when the car ownership is still low, and for investing in a policy of educating the public on the ‘true’ costs and causes of congestion before embarking on an intensive policy of congestion charges or restrictions.     

企业对环境资源需求和供给的理论分析

运用微观经济分析和博弈论的方法对市场经济条件下企业环境污染行为的形成机理进行了深入分析，揭示了企业对环境资源的过度需求和供给不足的根本原因，并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Consequential cognition: Exploring how attribution theory sheds new light on the firm‐level consequences of product recalls

It is unclear why some firms suffer greater negative consequences than others following a product recall. To shed light on this question, we extend attribution theory to the firm level to explore how consumers engage in an attributional process following product recalls that shapes their responses to firms. Integrating attribution theory and the demand side theoretical perspective, we assert that consumer judgments of responsibility toward manufacturers are shaped by causal data regarding the locus of causality (i.e., manufacturer or supplier) and controllability (i.e., prior knowledge or awareness) of a recalled product's potential for harm. We then examine the impact of product recall characteristics on judgments of responsibility and firm‐level outcomes using an experimental test involving responses from 320 subjects. Our findings suggest that judgments of responsibility are attributed to the manufacturing firm more when consumers are given causal information indicating that the firm is the source of, or is aware of, a product's defects. The results also indicate that judgments of responsibility can have costly firm‐level consequences in the form of reputational damage, diminished consumer purchase intentions, and increased legal damage recommendations. We discuss theoretical contributions, practical implications, and opportunities for further research.