Assessment of the impact of pesticide residues on microbiological and biochemical parameters of tea garden soils in India

The main aim of this study was to assess the impact of pesticidal residues on soil microbial and biochemical parameters of the tea garden soils. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal (BSR) and substrate induced respirations (SIR), β -glucosidase activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA) of six tea garden soils, along with two adjacent forest soils (control) in West Bengal, India were measured. The biomass and its activities and biochemical parameters were generally lower in the tea garden soils than the control soils. The MBC of the soils ranged from 295.5 to 767.5 μ g g^{? 1}. The BSR and SIR ranged from 1.65 to 3.08 μ g CO₂-C g^{? 1} soil h^{? 1} and 3.08 to 10.76 μ g CO₂-C g^{? 1}h^{? 1} respectively. The β -glucosidase and FDHA of the soils varied from 33.3 and 76.3 μ g para-nitrophenol g^{? 1} soil h^{? 1} and 60.5 to 173.5 μ g fluorescein g^{? 1}h^{? 1}respectively. The tea garden soils contained variable residues of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, which negatively affected the MBC, BSR, SIR, FDHA and β -glucosidase activity. Ethion and chlorpyriphos pesticide residues in all the tea garden soils varied from 5.00 to 527.8 ppb and 17.6 to 478.1 ppb respectively. The α endosulfan, β endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate pesticide residues in the tea garden soils ranged from 7.40 to 81.40 ppb, 8.50 to 256.1 ppb and 55 to 95.9 ppb respectively. Canonical correlation analysis shows that 93% of the total variation was associated with the negative impact of chlorpyriphos, β and α endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate on MBC, BSR and FDHA. At the same time ethion had negative impact on SIR and β -glucosidase. Data demonstrated that the pesticide residues had a strong impact on the microbial and biochemical components of soil quality.     

冬小麦返青-拔节期土壤的自养和异养呼吸研究

以种植了4个不同密度冬小麦的土壤为研究对象,在返青-拔节期应用根生物量外推法定量研究了土壤呼吸的各组分,即自养呼吸(根呼吸)和异养呼吸.2006年2月27日、3月6日、3月13日、3月20日4次的测定结果表明,土壤的异养呼吸速率分别为68.5,62.8,76.8,119.6mg·m-2·h-1;由于小麦生长的补偿效应使得不同种植密度下的根生物量差异减小,在3月27日的试验中,根生物量外推法不能确定出土壤异养呼吸的数值.进一步的分析结果表明,在每个采样日不同种植密度下的小麦根呼吸系数均无显著差异;而所有小麦种植密度的平均根呼吸系数随作物生长呈下降趋势.可将根呼吸系数(Rre)表示为根系氮含量(N)和土壤体积含水量(W)两因子的指数影响函数,其表达式为:Brc=0.001e(0.375W 5.503N).式中,W,N分别为土壤体积含水量和根系氮含量,Rrc 为根呼吸系数,决定系数 R2=0.966.应用根系氮含量和土壤湿度这两个因子可较好的模拟根呼吸系数的动态变化.对于与田间实际小麦种植密度接近的处理而言,在返青-拔节期根呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在28%～81%之间变异.     

工业废气在循环流化床锅炉中的掺烧应用

介绍了东方化工厂两台循环流化床锅炉掺烧工业废气改造的背景及原则,叙述了火炬气回收及供气系统、燃气燃烧器、PLC控制三个主要系统的布置、选择、设计等情况,论述了锅炉掺烧火炬气后的安全、掺烧比例的确定、掺烧位置的选择等三个需要重点关注的问题,分析了项目实施后所取得的节能效益、环保效益,是同行业回收利用工业废气,实现节能降耗的一种有效方式,具有很好的参考价值和推广意义。     

甘肃河西荒漠能源植物资源利用与产业化研究

从生物质能源开发利用意义开始,对河西地区的自然资源现状做了调查及分析,并对河西地区实施荒漠能源产业进行研究。分析了河西地区的自然环境特征、区域现状和人类不合理活动等多种因素作用下,自然资源出现的一系列问题;针对各类生态系统中存在的问题,提出了科学、合理的发展荒漠能源产业的对策建议。     

生物质活性炭辅助微波处理氨氮废水研究

以花生壳为原料,分别使用程序控温法和微波法制备生物质活性炭.采用高分辨电子扫描电镜(SEM)和氮吸脱附曲线对花生壳活性炭进行了表征.结果表明,微波法制备的花生壳活性炭比表面积大于程序控温法制备的花生壳活性炭比表面积,且微波法制备活性炭成本远低于程序控温法.将制得的两种活性炭和商用活性炭分别辅助微波处理氨氮废水,确定了生物质活性炭辅助微波处理氨氮废水的最佳条件.初步讨论了活性炭辅助微波处理氨氮废水的机理.     

苎麻麻骨水溶物的溶出影响因素及其组成

为探讨生物质材料吸附重金属过程中溶出物的溶出规律及成分,以苎麻麻骨为材料,在实验室模拟其吸附Cd2+废水条件下,考察溶出时间、温度、pH、苎麻麻骨粒径及ρ(Cd2+)对苎麻麻骨水溶物DOC溶出量的影响,通过气相色谱-质谱法对溶出物成分进行鉴定,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA)等技术对溶出物溶出前后苎麻麻骨表面物化性质进行了表征. 结果表明:在弱酸性(pH为5)条件下,苎麻麻骨DOC溶出量高于65.90 mg/L. 各因素对DOC溶出量的影响程度不同,以粒径及温度的影响最大,随着粒径由1 mm增至20 mm,DOC溶出量由78.37 mg/L迅速降至60.14 mg/L,降低了18.23 mg/L;升温可促进苎麻麻骨DOC溶出量的增加,随着温度由5 ℃升至55 ℃,DOC溶出量增加了13.63 mg/L. 提取液pH、溶出时间、ρ(Cd2+)对DOC溶出量的增加量分别为5.08、4.60、3.11 mg/L. 溶出物溶出前后苎麻麻骨表面无显著变化,但溶出后的苎麻麻骨表面易溶于水的官能团数量显著减少. 溶出物中鉴定出9类物质(共19种化合物),以酮类和酯类居多,表明苎麻麻骨表面不带电.      

Nickel accumulation and its effect on biomass, protein content and antioxidative enzymes in roots and leaves of watercress （Nasturtium officinale R. Br.）

In order to understand its response towards nickel stress, watercress (Nasturtium o cinale R. Br.) was exposed to nickel (1–25 mg/L) for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. The accumulation and translocation of nickel were determined and the influence of nickel on biomass, protein content and enzymatic antioxidants was examined for both roots and leaves. It was determined that N. o cinale could accumulate appreciable amounts of Ni in both roots and leaves. Nickel accumulated particularly in the roots of plants. Biomass increased at low nickel concentrations but certain measurable change was not found at high concentrations. Under stress conditions the antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated compared to control. An increase in protein content and enzyme activities was observed at moderate exposure conditions followed by a decline at both roots and leaves. The maximum enzyme activities were observed at di erent exposure conditions. Our results showed that N. o cinale had the capacity to overcome nickel-induced stress especially at moderate nickel exposure. Therefore, N. o cinale may be used as a phytoremediator in moderately polluted aquatic ecosystems.     

山东威海-日照近岸海域浮游细菌的分布特征

于2006年8月~2007年10月,分春夏秋冬四个航次对山东威海-日照近岸海域进行了现场调查,研究了该海区浮游细菌丰度、生物量及可培养异养细菌生物量的分布特征,探讨了它们与温度、溶解氧、总有机碳、总N、总P和活性磷酸盐之间的关系。结果表明:浮游细菌生物量具有一定的时间、空间分布特征,冬季浮游细菌生物量明显低于其他三个季节,近岸生物量高于远岸区域;浮游细菌丰度及生物量与温度、溶解氧、总有机碳呈非常显著相关关系(P0.01);夏冬季节可培养异养细菌数与总N、总P及PO4-P均呈现显著相关关系,表明以上三种环境生态因子可能是该海域可培养异养细菌生长的限制因子。     

超声波技术在污泥处理中的研究及发展

本文分析了超声波降解有机物的机理 ,并对超声波技术在污泥处理中的研究现状进行了综述 ,同时提出可以利用超声波分解污泥作为形成微生物隐性生长的一种方法 ,并达到污泥减量的目的     

海水中的红霉素与营养盐对微藻的复合影响

大量的抗生素及其代谢产物最终会进入海洋,其对海洋生态系统的潜在威胁值得关注.研究了不同浓度的红霉素和营养盐对2种甲藻——米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和1种硅藻——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的生物量、光合色素含量、蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以此来探究海水中红霉素与营养盐限制是否会对微藻产生复合影响,评估不同的营养状态下红霉素对海洋生态的影响.结果表明,营养盐限制会降低米氏凯伦藻、东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻对红霉素的耐受限度.本实验范围内(0～1 000μg·L~(-1)),红霉素对米氏凯伦藻的生长无显著影响,高浓度的红霉素(≥100μg·L~(-1))会显著抑制东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻的生长,这3种微藻中中肋骨条藻对红霉素敏感性最高.