Novel approach to monitoring of the soil biological quality

In this study, a new approach to interpretation of results of the simple microbial biomass and respiration measurements in the soil microbiology is proposed. The principle is based on eight basal and derived microbial parameters, which are standardized and then plotted into sunray plots. The output is visual presentation of one plot for each soil, which makes possible the relative comparison and evaluation of soils in the monitored set. Problems of soil microbiology, such as the lack of benchmarking and reference values, can be avoided by using the proposed method. We found that eight parameters provide enough information for evaluation of the status of the soil microorganisms and, thus, for evaluation of the soil biological quality. The usage of rare parameters (potential respiration PR, ratio of potential and basal respiration PR/BR, biomass-specific potential respiration PR/C(bio), available organic carbon C(ext), and biomass-specific available organic carbon C(ext)/C(bio)) can be recommended, besides classical and well-known parameters (microbial biomass C(bio), basal respiration BR, metabolic coefficient qCO(2)). The combination of basal parameters and derived coefficients can also extend our knowledge about the condition of the soil microorganisms. In monitoring the case studies presented, we observed that soils evaluated to possess good biological quality displayed generally higher values of organic carbon, total nitrogen, clay, and cation exchange capacity. The soils of good biological quality can display higher levels of contaminants. This is probably related with the higher content of organic carbon and clay in these soils.     

Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions

In this study, the surface chemical functional groups of Bacillus cereus biomass were identified by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analytical technique. It had been shown that the B. cereus cells mainly contained carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino and amide functional groups. The potentiometric titration was conducted to explain the surface acid-base properties of aqueous B. cereus biomass. The computer program FITEQL 4.0 was used to perform the model calculations. The optimization results indicated that three sitesthree pKas model, which assumed the cell surface to have three distinct types of surface organic functional groups based on the IR analysis results, simulated the experimental results very well. Moreover, batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate biosorption behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions onto the biomass. Obviously, the adsorption equilibrium data for the two ions were reasonably described by typical Langmuir isotherm.     

生物质气化灰的肥效试验研究

通过试验对生物质气化发电的副产物--生物质气化灰的肥效进行研究.结果表明,在施肥量相同的条件下,添加生物质气化灰的试样,除黄瓜外,空心菜、油麦菜、樱桃萝卜、上海青试样的发芽时间都略早于单施化学肥料的试样; 后期长势也明显优于单施化学肥料的试样,叶片厚而有光泽; 前者在生长过程中没有虫害现象,后者有虫害现象.在生物质气化灰中添加氮、磷的试样比施单一肥料的试样长势好.研究表明,生物质气化灰具有替代钾肥的广阔市场前景.     

盐碱池塘底栖动物的初步研究

研究了不同放养模式的高青盐碱池塘底栖动物的种类组成、生物量及其季节变动。结果表明,盐碱池塘底栖动物群落结构简单,主要优势种是羽摇蚊幼虫和奥特开水丝蚓,底栖动物密度和生物量无鱼对照池比养鱼池高得多,平均密度（nar/m^-2）和生物量（ρA/g m^-2）分别为1103（40－2085）m^-2和4.61(0.15-12.91)g m^-2,养地池底栖动物nar/m^-2和ρA/g m^-2分别为54－161m^-1和0.14-0.54g m^-2。底栖动物密度和生物量在春夏之交有一高峰,对盐碱池塘底栖动物种、量特点及其与鱼类捕食和一些生态因子的关系进行了讨论。     

城市生活垃圾与生物质混烧发电技术的实验研究

城市生活垃圾的焚烧发电和生物质能的利用是目前倍受关注的两个研究领域.以华北某垃圾发电厂为依托,对城市生活垃圾与生物质混烧发电技术进行了广泛的实验研究.结果表明:掺烧质量百分比为14%时,垃圾发电机组的效率达到最佳;混烧后烟气中的颗粒物浓度和二恶英浓度有很大的降低,SO2和NOx等酸性气体的浓度略有增加,但仍满足排放要求;单炉直接经济效益711.15元/h.该研究成果对今后垃圾发电厂的运营和生物质能的利用具有一定的工程参考价值.     

废弃印刷线路板熔融盐气化特性研究

在熔融盐气化炉中进行废弃印刷线路板气化实验,考察了空气当量比对气体产率、气体热值、碳转化率以及气化效率的影响,并对N2气氛下线路板在熔融盐反应器中裂解液体产物通过气质联用仪进行了分析.结果表明,气体产率和碳转化率随着空气当量比增加而增加,空气当量比增加到40%时,气体产率和碳转化率分别达到840 mL·g-1和96%;气体产物热值随着空气当量比增加而减少,气化效率随着空气当量比的增加先增加然后减少,在20%空气当量比气化效率达到最大值94%.液体产物的主要成分为苯酚、2-甲基苯酚、萘等,表明线路板在熔融盐气化炉内的反应过程中,苯环结构上的长链烷烃脂肪烃支链得到脱除,苯基C6H5-O的断裂得到加强,同时发生芳构化反应.     

Effect of clay minerals on extractability of heavy metals and sewage sludge mineralization in soil

An incubation experiment lasting 111 d was carried out to study the effect of the addition of three clay minerals (Na-bentonite, Ca-bentonite, and zeolite) to soil derived from sewage sludge on water-extractable and exchangeable forms of four heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni), as well as on soil organic matter mineralization, microbial biomass C and the release of inorganic N. The addition of clay minerals led to a significant decrease in water-extractable and exchangeable forms of heavy metals. The extent of decrease ranged from 14 to 75% for the water-extractable heavy metals and from 12 to 42% for the exchangeable form over the incubation time, as compared with untreated soil. The reduction in extractability of heavy metals was greater due to the addition of Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite than that due to the addition of zeolite. Addition of clay minerals did not affect any of the following microbiological parameters in the soil: microbial biomass C, organic C (C_org) mineralization, and metabolic quotient (qCO₂), and release of inorganic N during the first 3 weeks of incubation. However, as the incubation period increased, these parameters were significantly increased by the addition of clay minerals, especially by the addition of Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite. This result is explained by a strong reduction in extractability of heavy metals after the addition of Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite.     

On Characteristics of Production and Destruction Processes in Lowland and Mountain Tundras of the Extreme North

Parameters of the production and destruction processes in different types of tundras are compared. It is shown that there is a fairly high degree of correspondence between the structure of tundra communities and the ecotopes occupied by them. On the other hand, typologically similar lowland and mountain tundras markedly differ in the functional respect. The rate of decomposition processes is higher under environmental conditions of the mountain tundra belt.     

梦清园芦苇湿地根际微生物特性研究

本文通过对上海市梦清园芦苇湿地净化苏州河污染水体的示范工程采样分析，结果表明芦苇根际的微生物数量、酶的活性高于非根际的土壤。根际细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量均比非根际多，R／S平均值分别为70．3、9．5、2．9。相对于硝酸细菌而言亚硝酸细菌的根际效应较为明显，无论根际还是非根际的亚硝酸细菌数量均高于硝酸细菌的数量。根际细菌和硝化细菌数量随着水力停留时间增加而增加，而根际反硝化细菌数量则减少。菌剂和酶制剂的加入使得非根际泥样异养细菌、真菌、放线菌和亚硝酸细菌比对照组稍高，硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌则较少；而根际泥样中加菌剂和酶制剂组微生物数量比空白组高出1—2个数量级，在投加菌和酶制剂后酶活性无论在根际还是非根际都得到提高，高于对照组约5—6个酶活单位。     

黔东南州森林生物量研究

论述了森林生物量的发展历史、概念和研究方法。利用黔东南州最新（2005年）的森林资源连续清查数据及生物量与蓄积量之间的关系为基础，对黔东南州森林生物量进行测算。黔东南州森林生物量达6107．21万t，单位面积生物量为29．7t／hm^2。