黄壤稻田土壤微生物量碳氮及水稻品质对生物炭配施氮肥的响应

探讨生物炭与氮肥减量配施对黄壤稻田土壤微生物碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)和稻谷产量及品质的影响,旨在为该区域土壤培肥及氮肥减施增效提供科学依据.采用大田试验,设置5个氮肥减施梯度(TO～T4):0、10％、20％、30％和40％,用等氮量生物炭氮替代,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),在水稻成熟期进行测产采样,并对样品进行室内...     

不同施氮量下水稻分蘖期光合碳向土壤碳库的输入及其分配的量化研究：13C连续标记法

应用稳定同位素13C-CO2连续标记技术,通过室内密闭培养试验研究不同施氮处理下(依次为N0,N10,N20,N40,N60)水稻分蘖期光合碳向土壤碳库的输入及其分配特征.结果表明,连续标记培养18 d后,水稻地上部和根系的干物质累积量分别为1.58~4.35 g·plot-1和1.05~2.44 g·plot-1,水稻植株生物量受施氮处理显著影响,且随着施氮量增加而增加,即N60>N40>N20>N10>N0.水稻整个分蘖期内分别有44.0~157.6 g·plot-1和8.3~49.4 g·plot-1的光合碳进入水稻地上部和根系.不同施氮水平下,种植水稻的土壤有机碳(13C-SOC)、可溶性有机碳(13C-DOC)和微生物量碳(13C-MBC)的分配量均显著高于CK处理(不种植水稻且不施N).种植水稻的土壤13C-SOC含量范围为11.1~23.7 g·plot-1,占总净同化量的10.2%~18.1%.对于活性碳库,CK处理的土壤13C-DOC和13C-MBC含量分别为3.50μg·kg-1和88.9μg·kg-1,种植水稻处理的土壤13C-DOC、13C-MBC含量范围为4.82~14.51μg·kg-1、526.1~1 478.8μg·kg-1.土壤13C-SOC、13C-DOC和13C-MBC含量受施氮处理显著影响(P<0.05),且与植物生物量呈显著正相关关系.因此,水稻分蘖期光合碳的地下部输入有利于土壤有机碳的累积,施氮能够促进水稻新鲜根际碳的沉积,且高N水平下根际沉积碳量高于低N和中量N水平.     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

生物质成型燃料锅炉挥发性有机物排放特征

以5台燃成型生物质燃料锅炉为研究对象,基于预浓缩-GC-MS/FID的测量方法,对成型生物质燃烧产生的烟气进行了挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征研究,同时还测定颗粒物、NO_x、SO_2和汞及其化合物的排放浓度.结果表明,5台锅炉所排放的SO_2和汞及其化合物均低于排放标准要求,而氮氧化物和颗粒物的排放存在高于国标排放限值现象.56种VOCs总质量浓度在(872.43±293.80)~(6 929.66±1 137.25)μg·m~(-3)之间,影响因素分析表明VOCs浓度与炉膛中心温度及负荷有较强负相关性.VOCs的排放中烯烃占比最大,达41%~59%,其次是烷烃和芳香烃,分别为27%~49%和6%~18%.烯烃的排放以乙烯、1-丁烯、顺-2-丁烯和1-己烯为主,烷烃以正己烷、异戊烷和环戊烷为主,芳香烃则以苯和甲苯为主.臭氧生成潜势采用最大增量反应活性法进行分析,5台锅炉的臭氧生成潜势贡献主要来自于烯烃,高达76%~90%,而烷烃也可占6%~19%.     

西宁市生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放清单

本研究根据调查的西宁市生物质燃烧源活动水平数据,采用排放因子方法,建立了 2018年西宁市生物质燃烧源9种大气污染物的排放清单,并分析了清单的时空分布特征和不确定性.结果表明,西宁市2018年生物质燃烧源CO、NOx、SO2、NH3、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放量分别为 11 718.34、604.41、167.80、209.72、1 617.97、2 054.04、2 135.04、281.07和 1 224.78 t.秸秆露天焚烧 CO、NOx、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放对生物质燃烧源的排放贡献率最高;其中,秸秆露天焚烧NOx、VOCs和CO的贡献率分别为72.35％、63.94％和53.18％.户用生物质炉NH3和SO2的排放对生物质燃烧源的贡献率最大,分别为41.49％和42.05％.生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放地区分布不均衡,主要集中于大通县和湟中区.生物质燃烧源9项污染物的排放量在1、2、3、10、11和12月较大,占比在5％～33％.蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,在95％置信区间下,不确定度最高的是森林和草原火灾的PM2.5排放,不确定度为-26.71％～29.78％.     

Cd、Zn、菲和多效唑复合污染土壤的微生物生态毒理效应

以土壤脱氢酶、呼吸强度和微生物生物量作为生态毒理指标,通过正交实验,在室内培养条件下考察了4种不同性质的有机与无机污染物（Cd、Zn、菲和多效唑）复合污染的土壤微生物生态效应。复合投加这4种污染物能使土壤微生物活性受到不同程度的抑制,且抑制率随时间的推移而下降;3种微生物生态毒理指标之间存在着很好的相关性,但脱氢酶活性在三者中最敏感;影响土壤微生物活性的主要因子依次为：菲＞Cd＞Zn＞Zn与菲的交互作用＞Zn与多效唑的交互作用;实验表明,Zn与菲的交互作用为拮抗作用,但Zn与多效唑的复合效应机制仍不明确     

近临界水中生物质固体废弃物水解制备氨基酸及水解液脱色研究

对废鱼肉、废禽畜肉及其加工过程产生的废弃物在近临界水中水解制备氨基酸和氨基酸水解液的脱色进行研究.反应器容积为200mL,反应温度为180～320 ℃,反应压力为5～26 MPa,反应时间为5～60 min.利用氨基酸分析仪对水解产物中的氨基酸进行定性和定量分析,实验结果发现,实验所用原料水解后可得到17种氨基酸.水解产物中不同种类氨基酸的产率随反应温度、反应压力和反应时间的变化规律各不相同.对其中8种含量较高、用途较广、附加值较高的氨基酸,分别进行了反应温度、反应压力、反应时间对水解液中氨基酸浓度的影响研究,得到了在较低的反应温度、合适的反应压力和一定的反应时间内获得较高氨基酸产率的水解条件.以颗粒状活性炭为脱色剂,对水解液在不同pH值、活性炭用量、吸附温度和吸附时间条件下进行脱色实验,并考察了脱色率和氨基酸损失率.结果表明,较好的吸附条件为:pH=4.0、活性炭用量为0.02g·mL-1、吸附温度40℃、吸附时间15min,脱色率96%;被活性炭吸附的氨基酸可以通过解吸附得到回收.     

城市污泥与园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对林地土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

研究城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)及酶活性的影响,可为林地施用混合堆肥产品的安全及功效性评价提供科学依据.本研究采用大田试验,选取紫穗槐为研究对象,将污泥和园林废弃物以3种比例(GF(纯园林废弃物)、SGA(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶3)、SGB(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶1))进行混合堆肥,每种堆肥产品分别按0、5、10、50 kg·株-1(分别记作CK、T5、T10、T50)均匀施入样地.施肥1年后,于田间采样测定土壤生物活性指标及理化性质,采用主成分分析及单、双因素方差分析法研究混合堆肥产品施用后对土壤酶活性及微生物量碳、氮含量的影响.结果表明:施入GF、SGA和SGB时,SMBC和SMBN均在施用量50 kg·株-1时达到最大.随着施用量的增加,土壤酶指数(SEI)总体上呈现逐步递增的趋势,施入GF、SGA、SGB时,各个施肥梯度处理的土壤酶指数较CK分别增加93.33%~186.67%、14.58%~54.17%、119.05%~204.76%.通过主成分分析,依据各处理综合得分情况,不同堆肥产品总体上表现为:SGBGFSGA.施入GF、SGA和SGB,不同处理综合得分均为T50T10T5CK.说明施用堆肥产品能够提高土壤微生物量,增加土壤酶活性,改善土壤的生物环境.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

Experimental study on MSW gasification and melting technology

In order to develop municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and melting technology, two preliminary experiments and a principle integrated experiment were fulfilled respectively. The gasification characteristics of MSW are studied at 500-750℃ when equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.2-0.5 using a fluidized-bed gasifier. When temperature was 550-700℃ and ER was 0.2-0.4, low heat value (LHV) of syngas reaches 4000-12000 kJ/Nm3. The melting characteristics of fly ash were investigated at 1100-1460℃ using a fixed-bed furnace. It was proved that over 99.9% of dioxins could be decomposed and most heavy-metals could be solidified when temperature was 1100-1300℃. The principle integrated experiment was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasification and swirl-melting system. MSW was gasified efficiently at 550-650℃, swirl-melting furnace maintains at 1200-1300℃ stably and over 95% of fly ash could be caught by the swirl-melting furnace. The results provided much practical experience and basic data to develop MSW gasification and melting technology.