生物质催化气化制取富氢燃气的研究

以流化床为反应器 ,探讨了一些主要参数如 :反应器温度 ,水蒸气 ,当量比ER以及催化剂对气体成分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验所用催化剂为白云石和镍基催化剂。在实验条件范围内 ,氢产率为 2 2— 83g/kg生物质 (湿基 ) ,潜在氢产率为 115— 2 2 3g/kg生物质 (湿基 )。结果表明 ,较高的反应器温度 ,适当的水蒸气添加量可以有效提高氢的产出 ;白云石和镍基催化剂可使产品气中的氢含量提高 10 %以上。     

饮用水生物处理中微生物量和活性的测定方法

微生物量和微生物活性是饮用水生物处理工艺设计与运行的重要参数。总结论述了适用于表示饮用水生物处理过程生物膜中微生物数量和活性的几种主要指标的测定方法。     

生物质废弃物催化裂解制备富氢燃气实验研究

由生物质废弃物催化裂解制取氢气是一种可再生的制氢方法,本研究采用2段加热管式反应器,前段装生物质,后段装催化剂,用以研究生物质催化裂解制取氢气的特性,并提出潜在氢产率的概念对生物质制氢的经济技术可行性进行深入的分析.测试的3种生物质废弃物为:松木粉、木质素和纤维素,测试温度为600～700℃.实验结果表明,加入催化剂后3种物料的产氢率从5.48～15.06g/kg增加到12.94～37.73g/kg;催化剂对潜在产氢率的影响较小,加入催化剂前后的变化范围为:36.25～98.86g/kg到37.40～116.98g/kg.生物质废弃物催化裂解产氢率与相同温度下空气-水蒸气气化的氢产率相当,实验结果证明,生物质废弃物催化裂解是一种有效的制氢方法.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Monitoring the transport of biomass burning emissions in South America

The atmospheric transport of biomass burning emissions in the South American and African continents is being monitored annually using a numerical simulation of air mass motions; we use a tracer transport capability developed within RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) coupled to an emission model. Mass conservation equations are solved for carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate material (PM2.5). Source emissions of trace gases and particles associated with biomass burning activities in tropical forest, savanna and pasture have been parameterized and introduced into the model. The sources are distributed spatially and temporally and assimilated daily using the biomass burning locations detected by remote sensing. Advection effects (at grid scale) and turbulent transport (at sub-grid scale) are provided by the RAMS parameterizations. A sub-grid transport parameterization associated with moist deep and shallow convection, not explicitly resolved by the model due to its low spatial resolution, has also been introduced. Sinks associated with the process of wet and dry removal of aerosol particles and chemical transformation of gases are parameterized and introduced in the mass conservation equation. An operational system has been implemented which produces daily 48-h numerical simulations (including 24-h forecasts) of CO and PM2.5, in addition to traditional meteorological fields. The good prediction skills of the model are demonstrated by comparisons with time series of PM2.5 measured at the surface.     

废弃印刷线路板熔融盐气化特性:Ⅲ金属分布与回收实验

为实现印刷线路板金属和非金属的分离回收,在熔融盐气化炉中进行废弃印刷线路板气化实验,对气化过程中金属在熔融盐内的滞留和分布情况进行了研究.结果表明,90%以上的Cu、Al、Ca、Cd、Co、Mg、Sb、Sn、Zn等金属滞留在熔融盐内部.滞留的金属大部分分布熔融盐底部,Al、Cu、Co、Sb、Sn在熔融盐纵向底部的3、4层中的质量分数达90%以上;Mg、Pb和Se在底部3、4层的质量分数也在70%以上.利用金属和非金属成分在不同纵向高度上的分布区别,可以回收得到富集度较高的金属富集体.如纵向4层的总金属质量分数达到92.76%,且其中铜的质量分数达到78.06%.Al的质量分数达到9.89%.     

磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

以壳聚糖为原材料,通过原位共沉淀法和柠檬酸钠交联法制备了一种新型多孔磁性壳聚糖凝胶微球吸附剂CS-citrate/Fe₃O₄.利用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、热重分析（TG）对吸附剂进行了表征.结果表明,吸附剂内部具有发达的孔隙结构,并均匀分布有平均直径为（4.79±1.09）nm的Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒;吸附剂中引入Fe₃O₄后,仍存在羟基、氨基和羧基等功能基团,且吸附剂磁性良好可用于磁场分离;吸附剂对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附等温线和动力学研究表明,吸附过程以化学吸附为主,最大吸附容量可达178.25mg/g.     

Inhibitory effect of high phenol concentration in treating coal gasification wastewater in anaerobic biofilter

In this paper, the inhibition of methanogens by phenol in coal gasification wastewater(CGW)was investigated by both anaerobic toxicity tests and a lab-scale anaerobic biofilter reactor(AF). The anaerobic toxicity tests indicated that keeping the phenol concentration in the influent under 280 mg/L could maintain the methanogenic activity. In the AF treating CGW,the result showed that adding glucose solution as co-substrate could be beneficial for the quick start-up of the reactor. The effluent chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total phenol reached1200 and 100 mg/L, respectively, and the methane production rate was 175 m L CH4/g COD/day.However, if the concentration of phenol was increased, the inhibition of anaerobic micro-organisms was irreversible. The threshold of total phenol for AF operation was 200–250 mg/L. The extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) and particle size distribution of anaerobic granular sludge in the different stages were also examined, and the results indicated that the influence of toxicity in the system was more serious than its effect on flocculation of EPS. Moreover, the proportion of small size anaerobic granular sludge gradually increased from10.2% to 34.6%. The results of high through-put sequencing indicated that the abundance of the Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes was inhibited by the toxicity of the CGW, and some shifts in the microbial community were observed at different stages.     

热带树木燃烧颗粒物中脱水糖和醋菲烯的排放特征

森林植被燃烧是大气颗粒物的重要来源之一.为研究生物示踪物,对22种东南亚典型热带树木进行开放式燃烧实验,这些树木主要可分为常绿乔木、落叶乔木和灌木这3大类.分析植被燃烧产生的脱水糖、醋菲烯(acephenanthrylene)、醋蒽烯(aceanthrylene)、惹烯等生物质燃烧示踪物的排放因子特征.22种典型东南亚热带树木燃烧产生的颗粒物中3种植物类型的总糖平均排放因子大小趋势为:常绿乔木(1.56 g·kg~(-1)±1.01 g·kg~(-1))灌木(1.99 g·kg~(-1)±0.64 g·kg~(-1))落叶乔木(5.38 g·kg~(-1)±7.18 g·kg~(-1));醋菲烯平均排放因子趋势为常绿乔木(2.63 mg·kg~(-1)±2.44 mg·kg~(-1))≈灌木(2.46 mg·kg~(-1)±2.14 mg·kg~(-1))落叶乔木(6.07 mg·kg~(-1)±8.50 mg·kg~(-1)).关于示踪物特征比率,乔木、灌木的左旋葡聚糖(Lev)/甘露聚糖(Man)平均值分别为20.6±11.9、23.2±9.20,总范围为5.80~51.5;两者的醋菲烯(AP)/醋蒽烯(AC)平均值分别为7.13±5.18、5.53±1.51.相较于受影响条件较多的脱水糖,芳烃类化合物分析方法简捷,其中AP/AC虽然较荧蒽(FL)/芘(PY)的稳定性略差,但受到的其他污染源干扰少、特异性高.因此,在生物质源解析方面可以综合考虑各示踪物的优缺点以提高准确性,其中醋菲烯是作为生物示踪物的较优选择.     

白云石的硫化氢高温脱除性能研究

用天然白云石制备了半焙烧白云石和全焙烧白云石，并在固定床上对这些白云石进行硫化氢的高温脱除性能研究，同时考察了反应温度、空速、粒子粒径对白云石脱硫性能的影响。用X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TG）和气体吸附等测试手段，对脱硫剂的物相组成、结构、比表面积和孔容进行了表征。结果表明，白云石是一种很好的吸硫剂。在同样条件下，3种白云石中半焙烧白云石具有最好的脱硫效果；而对于同一种白云石，反应条件的差异也会导致其脱硫效果的变化。白云石的脱硫性能与其微观结构有密切关系。