Characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from burning of biomass fuels

The characteristics of the particles of the smoke that is emitted from the burning ofbiomass fuels were experimentally investigated using a laboratory-scale tube furnace and different types of biomass fuels： rubber wood, whole wood pellets and rice husks. Emitted amounts of particles, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC） are discussed relative to the size of the emitted particles, ranging to as small as nano-size （〈70 nm）, and to the rate of heating rate during combustion, differential thermal analysis （DTA） and thermogravimetric analysis （TG） techniques were used to examine the effect of heating rate and biomass type on combustion behaviors relative to the characteristics of particle emissions. In the present study, more than 30% of the smoke particles from the burning ofbiomass fuel had a mass that fell within a range of 〈 100 nm. Particles smaller than 0.43 μm contributed greatly to the total levels of toxic PAHs and WSOC. The properties of these particles were influenced by the fuel component, the combustion conditions, and the particle size. Although TC--DTA results indicated that the heating rate in a range of 10-20℃did not show a significant effect on the combustion properties, there was a slight increase in the decomposition temperature as heating rate was increased. The nano-size particles had the smallest fraction of particle mass and particle-bound PAHs, but nonetheless these particles registered the largest fraction of particle-bound WSOC.     

乌鲁木齐煤田灭火区混土种植基质配比试验研究

利用基质材料混合种子以改良种子生长环境成为生态修复中施工方便、生态修复效率较高的一种方法。基质组分和配比是研究中的重点,文章以乌鲁木齐煤田灭火区为研究区,选择粘合剂、保水剂、羊粪、复合肥、秸秆和铺设厚度,利用正交试验设置试验方案,通过植物指标的极差和方差分析,获取研究区生态恢复的优方案和基质对指标的影响,为乌鲁木齐煤田灭火区生态修复提供新的方法。结果表明:(1)对1个月后的盖度、高度和密度而言,E(秸秆)是植被盖度的主要影响因子,具有极显著性。B(保水剂)是高度和密度的主要影响因子,呈极显著性。(2)对4个月后的植被生物量和盖度、高度和密度而言,D(复合肥)是3个生物量指标和密度的主要影响因子。E(秸秆)是盖度和高度的主要影响因子,B(保水剂)、D(复合肥)、E(秸秆)和F(铺设厚度)对盖度和高度都具有显著影响。(3)利用综合平衡法,根据多数倾向和经济节约原则及因素对指标的重要程度,选择优方案为A3B2C5D4E4F3。     

中国中小城镇生活垃圾"双解"处理技术研究

利用热重-红外光谱连用分析技术对生活垃圾中六种典型成分的热解特性进行研究,研究结果表明生活垃圾中食物残渣、木屑及纸三种生物质类组份的主要热解温度区间为150℃~600℃,热解过程中的主要挥发分为H2O、CO2、CO及含-COOH等多组分气体.PP、PVC及皮革三种人造制品的主要热解温度区间为200℃~500℃,热解过程中的主要挥发分包括CH4、CO2及CO等小分子气体等.根据热解特性研究结果,设计了一套适用于中小处理规模的生活垃圾的"双解"(热解气化+富氧分解)工艺,同时基于本工艺设计出一种新型卧式"双解炉".     

接种物浓度和负荷对餐厨垃圾消化性能及产气动力学的影响

为探析接种物浓度(Biomass concentration,BC)和负荷(Organic loading rate,OLR)对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能及产气动力学的影响,在中温批次厌氧消化反应器中进行BC和OLR梯度试验,采用理化分析探析各反应器的性能参数,并采用一阶模型和modified Gompertze模型评价各反应器的产气动力学特征.试验结果表明,超负荷会降低反应器运行效率,影响过程稳定性,而提高BC可以减少单位细胞承受的有机负荷,有利于优化厌氧消化过程.产甲烷阶段是餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的限速步骤,各实验条件下水解速率常数(k)始终大于产甲烷速率常数(R_m').OLR和BC对k和R_m'的影响是波动的,从两个参数的数值上无法判断反应器的稳定性.相比之下,高效运行的反应器k/R_m'保持在(2.54±0.62),k/R_m'随OLR的增加及BC的下降单调递增,而随着k/R_m'增加,反应器运行效率下降.这从反应动力学上证实了增加OLR会加剧产酸和耗酸过程的不匹配,引起反应器失稳;而提高的BC浓度有利于缓解这种失衡,对保证反应器的过程稳定具有重要意义.     

生物质内在碱金属催化特性的TG-FTIR实验研究

用热重分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱联用(TG-FTIR)技术对稻秆、谷壳及其经过不同预处理的水洗样、硝酸洗样进行实验研究,分析了生物质内在碱金属对其热解过程的影响.对比原样、水洗样和硝酸洗样的热解TG曲线与产气组分发现:内在碱金属的存在对生物质热解具有较大的催化作用,促进了样品半纤维组分的热分解,明显降低了最大反应速率,使样品分解能够在较低温度段完成,提高了热解过程中焦的生成率,强化了去甲烷化反应,促使热解向羟基乙醛、酸类等低小分子液体产物的方向转化,增大了CO_2和CO的生成量.     

钠基膨润土对气化型煤制备及型煤热解气体的影响研究

以烟煤为原料,钠基膨润土为粘结剂制备气化型煤。以型煤的冷强度、热稳定性、热强度、浸水强度作为性能检测指标,考察了钠基膨润土加入量对型煤质量的影响。利用扫描电镜,红外光谱和热重分析等手段对型煤进行了表征,分析了钠基膨润土型煤的成型机理。结果表明:在钠基膨润土加入量为5%时,气化型煤具有较好的强度和热稳定性;钠基膨润土可通过吸附作用与煤粒充分的接触,形成大量的絮凝体结构单元,包裹煤粒进而提高型煤性能,这个过程发生的是物理变化;在热解型煤时加入膨润土,当热解的温度达到461℃时形成较明显的失重速率峰。     

底物条件对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响

以模拟养猪厂排放的高磷废水为研究对象,通过改变底物条件,考察初始C/P值、进水PO3-4-P浓度对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响。结果表明:底物条件对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响显著,初始C/P值过高或过低都不利于磷酸盐的去除与磷化氢的生成。当初始C/P为50时,兼氧MBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,平均去除率为34.22%,磷化氢的产量也达到最高,平均为277.5μg/L。同时,在碳源充足的条件下,当进水ρ(PO3-4-P)浓度为40mg/L时,兼氧MBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,磷化氢的产量也达到最高。工艺适用性分析表明,兼氧MBR气化除磷工艺适用于处理养殖废水、屠宰废水、肉食品加工废水等碳源充足的高磷污(废)水。     

不同围栏强度对巴里坤草原物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对新疆巴里坤天然草地进行围栏(2a、4a、25a)和自由放牧处理,探讨不同干扰类型对草地植物多样性和生物量的影响.结果表明:在自由放牧制度下,由于干扰过于剧烈,草地已呈退化趋势,物种多样性和生物量均较低;在围栏草地中,随着围封年限的增加,群落高度、盖度、地上生物量逐渐增加;地上生物量的变化趋势为:放牧草地<围栏2a草地<围栏4a草地<围栏25a草地.     

Importance of Crop Yield in Calibrating Watershed Water Quality Simulation Tools1

Surendran Nair, Sujithkumar, Kevin W. King, Jonathan D. Witter, Brent L. Sohngen, and Norman R. Fausey, 2011. Importance of Crop Yield in Calibrating Watershed Water Quality Simulation Tools. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1285–1297. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00570.x Abstract: Watershed‐scale water‐quality simulation tools provide a convenient and economical means to evaluate the environmental impacts of conservation practices. However, confidence in the simulation tool’s ability to accurately represent and capture the inherent variability of a watershed is dependent upon high quality input data and subsequent calibration. A four‐stage iterative and rigorous calibration procedure is outlined and demonstrated for Soil Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) using data from Upper Big Walnut Creek (UBWC) watershed in central Ohio, USA. The four stages and the sequence of their application were: (1) parameter selection, (2) hydrology calibration, (3) crop yield calibration, and (4) nutrient loading calibration. Following the calibration, validation was completed on a 10 year period. Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies for streamflow over the validation period were 0.5 for daily, 0.86 for monthly, and 0.87 for annual. Prediction efficiencies for crop yields during the validation period were 0.69 for corn, 0.54 for soybeans, and 0.61 for wheat. Nitrogen loading prediction efficiency was 0.66. Compared to traditional calibration approaches (no crop yield calibration), the four‐stage approach (with crop yield calibration) produced improved prediction efficiencies, especially for nutrient balances.     

浅谈层燃锅炉应用生物质与煤混燃技术的改造方法

通过对生物质与煤的燃烧特性及相应燃烧设备的比较,分析生物质燃料与煤混合燃烧技术在层燃动力锅炉改造方面的可行性,并提出相应的改造方法。