Charcoal production in a UK moorland wildfire – How important is it?

Wildfires are a common feature of peatland environments, but the carbon balance of these wildfires is often not considered and the production of refractory black carbon in these wildfires could be an important addition to carbon accumulation and mitigate losses of biomass during the fire. This study investigates the biomass and carbon losses during a moorland wildfire. Changes in above-ground carbon stocks were calculated using a combination of field data, laboratory measurements and literature values. The results show that approximately 14% of the carbon in the original above-ground biomass remained on the site after the burn. Black carbon production was approximately 6 gC m(-2) which constituted 4.3% of the biomass lost. The survival of biomass and black carbon may help to mitigate the loss of carbon during the fire.     

Improvement of soil quality after "alperujo" compost application to two contaminated soils characterised by differing heavy metal solubility

Reclamation of trace element polluted soils often requires the improvement of the soil quality by using appropriate organic amendments. Low quality compost from municipal solid waste has been tested for reclamation of soils, but these materials can provide high amounts of heavy metals. Therefore, a high-quality compost, with low levels of heavy metals, produced from the main by-product of the Spanish olive oil extraction industry ("alperujo") was evaluated for remediation of soils affected by a pyritic mine sludge. Two contaminated soils were selected from the same area: they were characterised by differing pH values (4.6 and 7.3) and total metal concentrations, which greatly affected the fractionation of the metals. Compost was applied to soil at two rates (equivalent to 48 and 72 Tm ha(-1)) and compared with an inorganic fertiliser treatment. Compost acted as an available nutrient source (C, N and P) and showed a low mineralisation rate, suggesting a slow release of nutrients and thus favouring long term soil fertility. In addition, the liming effect of the compost led to a significant reduction of toxicity for soil microorganisms in the acidic soil and immobilisation of soil heavy metals (especially Mn and Zn), resulting in a clear increase in both soil microbial biomass and nitrification. Such positive effects were clearly greater than those provoked by the mineral fertiliser even at the lowest compost application rate, which indicates that this type of compost can be very useful for bioremediation programmes (reclamation and revegetation of polluted soils) based on phytostabilisation strategies.     

辽东湾双台子河口湿地翅碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）生物量遥感反演研究

通过现场采集辽东湾双台子河口翅碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）光谱数据,收集标准样方（1 m×1 m）的翅碱蓬生物量（Biomass）,建立相关植被指数与翅碱蓬生物量的遥感反演回归算法,发现辽宁双台子河口湿地翅碱蓬生物量与植被指数PVI、SAVI和MSAVI的相关系数R2较高,直线回归方程相关系数分别达到0.626、0.698和0.679。同时,利用得到的估算模型,结合1990—2005年的双台子河口的TM影像数据,反演该区域翅碱蓬分布面积和生物量。结果发现：辽东湾双台子河口湿地翅碱蓬面积变化呈先降后升的趋势。通过植被指数（NDVI、RVI、PVI和MSAVI）和生物量的算法反演,发现翅碱蓬生物量曲线与分布面积曲线的变化趋势一致。     

土壤微生物生物量及多样性测定方法评述

土壤微生物作为土壤中重要的分解者,在养分的循环与转化中起着重要的作用。另外,由于其与土壤理化性质相比,对外界环境的变化更为敏感,因此,土壤微生物性质常被用作表征土壤质量的灵敏性指标,而土壤微生物生物量与微生物多样性是土壤微生物学研究中应用最广泛的指标。土壤环境复杂,微生物种类丰富多样,需要合适的研究方法才能真正打开土壤系统这个黑箱,自19世纪60年代以后,土壤微生物学在研究方法上取得了重要的进展,本文综述了微生物生物量及多样性的概念及微生物生物量和多样性研究方法的发展状况,重点就已有应用比较多的研究方法如测定微生物生物量的熏蒸法,测定微生物多样性的平板计数法、Biolog微平板计数法、磷脂脂肪酸法及分子生物学等研究方法进行了详细介绍及优缺点分析。结合现有微生物生物量及多样性的测定方法,在未来的研究中,一方面应该引入更多的新技术,发展新方法,以期探索更多的未知微生物种群;其次应该根据实验要求,完善和改进现有研究方法,使其更为统一和准确;再者,在微生物数据的分析上应该探索和借鉴更多的分析方法和手段,从而更深入更全面的解读实验当中所得到的微生物的信息。     

土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸对降雨的响应

本研究在北京门头沟龙凤岭水土保持科技示范园内进行,降雨前后连续测定土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸,探讨土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸对降雨的响应。结果表明：干旱的土壤降雨后土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸骤升随后逐渐衰减,第1场降雨后土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸分别是干旱期的3.08、2.83、2.50倍,第2场降雨后土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸分别是干旱期的1.08、1.63、1.68倍,降雨使土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸产生的激增效应仅持续1 d。第3场降雨量仅为0.40 mm,土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸增加的幅度不是很大。     

不同程度镉污染农田中粉葛镉富集转运特征

探究不同程度镉（Cd）污染土壤对粉葛植株Cd积累分配特征的影响,为Cd污染农田的植物修复提供参考依据.在不同Cd污染［ω（Cd）为0.32~38.08 mg ·kg^-1］农田开展多点试验,分析了粉葛主要生育期不同部位生物量、Cd含量、Cd积累量及其富集和转运系数.结果表明,研究区粉葛块根干重为5.04~11.98 t ·hm^-2,生物量为13.21~29.07 t ·hm^-2,Cd积累量为15.74~106.03 g ·hm^-2;粉葛对Cd的吸收规律表现为：主藤>叶片>侧枝>葛头>块根;随着土壤Cd含量的增加,粉葛各部位Cd含量均显著增加（P<0.05）,而生物量均显著降低（P<0.05）;粉葛地上部Cd富集和转运系数呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,而根部Cd富集和转运系数均逐渐减小.相关分析表明,土壤Cd含量是影响粉葛Cd积累的关键因素.在轻中度Cd污染下,粉葛经济部分（葛粉）ω（Cd）为0.03~0.22 mg ·kg^-1,均低于药用植物的标准限值（≤0.30 mg ·kg^-1）;在中度污染粉葛地上部Cd富集和转运系数分别为2.43~7.97和3.02~9.81.粉葛具有很强的Cd富集和运输能力,是适合用作Cd污染土壤修复的潜力植物.     

Least cost electricity generation options based on environmental impact abatement

The power sector in Thailand is the largest contributor to CO₂ emissions. There is high potential to mitigate CO₂ emission via alternative power generating plants. Alternative plants considered in this study include nuclear plants, integrated gasification combined cycle plants, biomass-based plants and supercritical thermal power plants. The biomass-based plants considered here are fueled with four types of biomass; paddy husk, municipal solid waste (MSW), fuel wood and corncob. The methodology for the optimal expansion plan of the power generating system over the planning horizon is based on the least-cost approach. The results from the least-cost planning analyses show that the nuclear alternative has the highest potential to mitigate not only CO₂ but also other airborne emissions. Moreover, the nuclear option is the most effective abatement strategy for CO₂ reduction due to its negative incremental cost of CO₂ reduction.     

Similarities and differences in adsorption mechanism of dichlorvos and pymetrozine insecticides with coconut fiber biowaste sorbent

Abstract

In this study, the similarities and differences of the adsorption mechanisms between dichlorvos and pymetrozine and coconut fiber biowaste sorbent (CF-BWS) were investigated. CF-BWS was produced using the slow pyrolysis process at 600?°C for 4?h. HCl acid modification was used to improve the specific surface area. The properties of CF-BWS were analyzed by SEM, FT-IR, BET, and pHpzc. The adsorption kinetics of dichlorvos and pymetrozine on the CF-BWS were well explained by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherms for both insecticides were followed the Langmuir isotherm. The difference in molecular structures and surface chemistry caused the difference in adsorption mechanisms of both insecticides. The pore-filling and the hydrophobic interactions were the key mechanisms for both insecticide adsorptions. However, the π–π electron donor–acceptor interaction played the major role in the pymetrozine adsorption but hardly impacted on the adsorption of dichlorvos. The hydrogen bonding mechanism was pronounced in the pymetrozine adsorption, but it had little influence on the dichlorvos adsorption. The CF-BWS is exhibited as an excellent material for the removal of both pollutants and has high potential to be used further as the adsorbent in water treatment process.     

Biomass allocation in boreal plants with different ecological strategies

In the boreal zone of the Middle Urals, biomass structure was studied in 35 species of wild plants with different ecological strategies according to Grime and Ramenskii (competitors, ruderals, and stress-tolerant plants). Plants belonging to these groups proved to differ considerably in the absolute plant weight and the quantitative contributions of the main organs to the total biomass. Discriminant analysis revealed a 97% difference between the species groups; hence, this approach may be used for identifying the ecological strategies of plants in natural habitats.     

安徽大别山区杉木人工林乔木层生物量模型及碳贮量

根据杉木人工林年龄(10、22、45、48和50年生)梯度,在安徽大别山海拔较高山地调查了23块20m×20m的样地,采集18株不同径阶和树高的标准木,进行了生物量测定。利用7种常用的分别以D、D2、DH和D2 H为自变量的生物量模型对其进行拟合,得到35个生物量估算模型。结果显示,幂函数模型的拟合效果较好,多项式模型效果较差,从中优选出5个最优模型,枝、干、根和全株的最优模型是W=aDb形式的幂函数模型,叶的最优模型是W=a+bD2+cD4形式的多项式模型。杉木不同器官的碳含量变化范围在46.64%~53.13%,过熟林(45~50年生)杉木不同器官的碳含量按高低排列均为树皮树根树叶树枝树干,根系碳含量高于地上部枝叶的碳含量,而中幼林龄(10和22年生)杉木地下部分树根的碳含量明显低于地上部分。碳贮量在不同器官中的分配,10和22年生的高低排序为树干树枝树根树叶,过熟林杉木的高低排序为树干树根树枝树叶。不同林龄杉木林生物量碳贮量分别为10年生59.39、22年生59.55、45年生136.92、48年生201.25和50年生134.60Mg C/hm2。不同林龄的杉木林根系生物量碳贮量比例为14.84%~23.79%,随林龄的增长而提高。研究结果显示较高海拔的立地环境促进了杉木林地下根系生物量积累,这种生物量分配可能对土壤有机碳蓄积产生重要影响。