Response of winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass to fertilization with ridge mulching-furrow planting in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau北大核心CSCD

As the typical planting pattern of winter wheat in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau, ridge mulching-furrow planting (RMFP) has played an important role in fertilizer efficiency of different fertilizers, and the differences in fertilizer efficiency further influence the diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities. The effects of different fertilization practices on winter wheat yield formation, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and soil microbial biomass phosphorus (SMBP) were investigated by field experiments during 2014-2016 in the winter wheat growing region of the dry highlands in southern Shanxi. The treatments included four groups, farmer fertilization (FF), monitoring fertilization (MF), monitoring fertilization combined application of manure (MFM), and monitoring fertilization combined application of bio-organic fertilizer (MFB). Results showed a significant increase in winter wheat yield by optimized and balanced fertilization, and the grain yield of MFB was highest among all treatments, with a value of 4 107-5 400 kg/hm2, which was 14.5%-23.2% (P < 0.05) higher than that of FF. The effects of different fertilization treatments on the winter wheat yield formulation mainly depended on spike number; however, no effect was found on kernel number per spike and 1 000-grain weight. Soil microbial biomass was affected by both growth period and fertilization patterns, i.e., the content of SMBC from jointing to flowering stage was highest during the winter wheat growth period, whereas the maximum values of SMBN and SMCP were found during the jointing stage. Changes in the rates of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP during the entire growth period were less than 50%; however, the average contribution rate of optimized fertilization on SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP reached 90%. Compared to single chemical fertilizer applications, the combined application chemical fertilizer and manure or bio-organic fertilizer significantly improved the contents of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP; however, the contents of SMBC and SMBN between MFM and MFB had no significant difference, whereas the SMBP of MFB was 19.8%-47.1% (P < 0.05) higher than that of MFM owing to the effect of mixed phosphorus bacteria. The soil microbial biomass C/N and C/P of the different treatments were 6.9-9.8 and 14.4-41.0, respectively, and maximum values occurred during the flowering stage. Given the above, the combined application of reasonable chemical fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer can effectively improve the winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass under RMFP cultivation in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Seasonal dynamics of labile soil nitrogen from four plantations at the western edge of the Sichuan Basin北大核心CSCD

The objective of this study was to investigate the soil nitrogen components of four native artificial plantations at the western edge of the Sichuan Basin. Soil samples from two layers (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) were collected from 4 plantations (Cryptomeria fortunei, Michelia wilsonii, Phoebe zhennan, and Quercus acutissima) during March, June, September, and December 2015 at the western edge of Sichuan Basin, to perform a comparative analysis on seasonal dynamics. Soil ammonium, nitrate, microbial biomass nitrogen, and environmental factors were synchronously monitored. The results showed that soil inorganic nitrogen was mainly the result of nitrate. The components of labile soil nitrogen showed significant seasonal dynamics. Soil ammonium during the growing season (June and September) was higher than that during the non-growing season (March and December), but soil nitrate, microbial biomass nitrogen, and inorganic nitrogen showed the opposite pattern. Labile nitrogen components in the 0-20 cm layer were generally higher than those in the 20-40 cm layer. Labile soil nitrogen was significantly affected by forest type, which was dependent on season and soil layer. In general, there were significant correlations between the soil nitrogen pools and labile soil nitrogen and the environmental factors, including soil temperature, water content, and monthly rainfall. In conclusion, the variation of labile soil nitrogen was influenced more by season than forest type or soil layer. Compared to the biological effects of tree species, the environmental factors had a stronger effect on labile soil nitrogen. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

太湖介形类动物丰度与生物量

2004年9月~2005年8月对太湖介形类动物进行了季节性调查分析,结果表明：太湖中共有15种介形类动物,其年均丰度为1 590 ind/m2,年均生物量为46 495 μg(dwt)/m2,丰度和生物量在9个湖区的分布状态相似,受介形类自身食性及行为方式的影响,高丰度和高生物量主要出现在夏秋两季的太湖东半部分（包括东太湖、东部沿岸带和贡湖）。9个湖区中,除梅梁湖和贡湖外,其它几个湖区中介形类丰度和生物量的周年变化规律较为一致,而太湖中终年出现物种克氏瘤丽星介（〖WTBX〗Physocypria kraepelini〖WTBZ〗）、豆形豆形玻璃介（〖WTBX〗Fabaeformiscandona〖WTBZ〗 cf. 〖WTBX〗fabaeformis）和塔尔薄丽星介（Dolerocypria taalensis〖WTBZ〗）的自身繁殖力是造成梅梁湖和贡湖中介形类丰度和生物量间存在差异的主要原因,但两湖区中介形类丰度和生物量在整个太湖中所占比重有限,所以不影响太湖总体介形类季节变化趋势,四个季节中介形类的丰度和生物量均值总体呈现出秋＞夏＞冬＞春的规律。在15个物种中克氏瘤丽星介和豆形豆形玻璃介的丰度和生物量最高,所以两者为太湖介形类的建群种。介形类丰度、生物量与环境因子间的相关关系分析结果显示,水体中的植被密度、透明度、温度和溶氧量对介形类丰度和生物量分布和变化的影响较其它环境因子大,但因季节不同而有所变化。     

模拟及河道实验浮床水芹根系生长及生物量分配对比研究

为了对比研究浮床植物水芹菜在模拟及野外河道实验中根系生长及生物量分配的差异性,探索水芹浮床模拟实验与实际应用中的差异性,我们在实验河道边放置水箱,通过抽取河水到水箱中设置水芹浮床水箱模拟实验,并且与河道中水芹浮床实验作对比。结果发现:河道和水箱中植物根系指标除了平均根直径外其他指标随着水芹的生长以指数方式增长,平均根直径随着水芹的生长以指数方式下降;在根系总长度、根系总表面积、根系分叉数、根系交叠数方面,水箱中的水芹显著大于河道中的水芹(p0.05);水箱浮床水芹根系指标的增长速度大于地上部分的增长速度,河道中水芹地上部分增长速度要大于地下部分;水芹冠根比随时间的变化呈现出先下降后上升趋势,水箱中水芹冠根比的变化速率更小。水箱中的水芹受到了营养条件的限制,用模拟水芹浮床来研究其净化效率时,在一定程度上(与实际应用相比)高估了河道水芹浮床根系部分的作用。     

墨西哥柏人工林生物量和生产力研究

对四川川中丘陵地区 2 0世纪 80年代中叶引种造林的墨西哥柏人工林分生物量和生产力进行了测定和研究。按“径阶平均标准木法”和“样方收获法”分别调查了乔木层、草本植物层和枯枝落叶层的生物量。据调查数据 ,用“相对生长法则”建立了乔木层单株立木各器官生物量干重的回归方程 ,方程的精度均在 98.5 %以上。同时还研究了林分平均净生产量和产量结构。结果表明 :川中丘陵区 11年生墨西哥柏林分生物量平均为 77.75 6t/hm2 ,净生产量为 892 8.73kg/hm2 ·a。其中 ,乔木层生物量为 75 .710t/hm2 ,占林分总量的 97.37% ;净生产量为 6 882 .73kg/hm2 ·a ,占林分净生产量的 77.0 9%。林分中草本的生物量和净生产量分别为 1.0 5 0t/hm2 和 10 5 0kg/hm2 ·a ;枯枝落叶现存量为 0 .996t/hm2 ,占林分平均生物量的 1.2 8% ,林分年枯枝落叶量为 996kg/hm2 ·a ,占林分生产力的11.15 %。     

若尔盖亚高山草甸地上生物量与植被指数关系研究

为探讨亚高山草甸地上生物量和植被指数的关系,更好服务于草地生态建设,论文利用2008年7月覆盖若尔盖地区的TM影像,分别建立了7种植被指数（NDVI、RVI、DVI、SAVI、MSAVI、PVI、GVI）与地上生物量的线性和4种非线性（二次多项式、三次多项式、对数、幂函数）回归模型。研究结果表明植被指数（NDVI、DVI、SAVI、MSAVI、PVI、GVI）与地上生物量模型表现出三次多项式回归模型最优,再次是二次多项式模型、线性模型,相对较差的是指数模型;而基于RVI的地上生物量模型表现为指数模型最优,其次为三次多项式模型、二次多项式模型、线性模型。分析表明,基于RVI的地上生物量幂函数模型的模拟效果最好,复相关系数R²=0.817 7,精度检验结果表明该模型的平均误差为6.80%,拟合精度达93.20%,根据此模型模拟出若尔盖县草地地上生物量分布图,表明该县草地生物量东南部较高而西北部较低。     

镍基催化剂的制备及其对垃圾气化产氢的催化活性

以陶粒为载体,采用常温浸渍法制备了负载型镍基催化剂,并利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、X射线荧光分析(XRF)、BET、环境扫描电镜-能谱仪分析(ESEM-EDX)和元素分析等对其进行了表征,该催化剂BET表面积为101.3m2/g.活性组分NiO颗粒平均粒径约为2μm,均匀分散在载体表面.并在下吸式固定床气化炉中,进行水蒸气催化气化城市生活垃圾有机组分的实验来评价镍基催化剂的催化活性.结果表明,在镍基催化剂的作用下,H2和CO含量明显增加,H2含量最高达43.22%,CO2、CH4、C2H4和C2H6.平均含量降至1%以下.催化气化过程的产氢率远远高于气化过程,最高达19.9mol H2/kg,低温段催化气化的潜在产氢率高于气化过程,但高温段低于气化过程;高温有利于气化产气中H2和CO的生成,还可以促进CH4、C2H4和C2H6的分解.催化气化过程的焦油产率、灰渣产率明显低于气化过程,特别是焦油产率降至2%以下,而产气率则高于气化过程.     

基于LCA的稻秸合成甲醇的环境-经济成本分析

以年产5万t甲醇的稻秸气化合成甲醇系统为研究对象,采用生命周期评价方法,对该系统进行了环境-经济成本分析.结果表明,稻秸合成甲醇系统的环境影响成本是284.99元/t(以甲醇计),且主要集中在生产转化过程和下游甲醇燃料消费2个单元阶段.在不同环境影响类型中,温室效应是生命周期最主要的环境影响因素,由于稻秸固碳作用产生的环境成本是-152.79元/t,生产上游温室效应影响负荷为负、总环境影响负荷为负.每t稻秸甲醇的真实成本比煤基甲醇低76.84元.     

Modeling inverted biomass pyramids and refuges in ecosystems

Although the existence of robust inverted biomass pyramids (IBPs) seems paradoxical, they are well known to exist in planktonic communities, and have recently been discovered in pristine coral reefs and in a reef off the North Carolina coast. Understanding the underlying mechanisms which produce inverted biomass pyramids provides new ecological insights. Some ecologists hypothesize that “the high growth rate of prey and low death rate of predators” causes IBPs. However, we show this is not always the case (see Sections 3.1 and 4). We devise predator–prey models to describe three mechanisms that can lead to IBPs: (1) well-mixed populations with large prey turn-over rate, (2) well-mixed populations with prey immigration, and (3) non-mixed populations where the prey can hide in refuges. The three models are motivated by the three ecosystems where IBPs have been observed. We also devise three refuge mediated models, with explicit refuge size, which incorporate different prey responses in the refuge, and we discuss how these lead to IBPs.     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥施用对三江平原湿地小叶章生物量及根冠比的影响

利用开顶箱薰气室（open—top chamber）试验装置,研究了不施氮（NN）、施常氮（MN,5g·m^2）和施高氮（HN,15g·m^2）3个氮素水平下大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）生物量和根冠比的影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章生物量的影响因生长期而异。大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地上生物量的促进作用主要表现在生长前期,拔节期和抽穗期地上生物量较正常大气CO2浓度增加12．42％～22．60％,而腊熟期和成熟期仅增加3．11％～12．97％;大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地下生物量的促进作用在生长后期表现明显,除拔节期外,小叶章地下生物量增加17．63％～42．20％。小叶章生物量和根冠比对大气CO2浓度的响应与供N水平有关。在HN水平下,大气CO2浓度升高使小叶章生物量和根冠比明显增加,在NN条件下促进作用则不显著。小叶章根冠比明显增加主要是地下生物量显著增长引起的。