Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

不同氮、磷肥用量下双季稻田的CH4和N2O排放

以红壤双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年水稻生长期内不施肥（CK）,平衡施肥（BF）、减氮磷一（DNP1）、减氮磷二（DNP2）和增氮磷（INP）等5个处理的CH4和N2O排放通量以及环境因素进行观测.结果表明,早稻生长期间BF、DNP1、DNP2和INP的CH4平均排放通量为4.57、5.42、...     

天然黏土联合磷肥对农田土壤镉铅污染原位钝化修复效应研究

为研究天然黏土联合磷肥对农田土壤镉铅污染的原位钝化修复效应,在天津市某地开展了田间示范实验,以油麦菜、油菜和萝卜为模式作物,以海泡石、膨润土和磷肥等作为钝化修复材料,研究其对蔬菜可食部位生物量、镉铅含量和土壤中镉铅形态分布的影响,考察其对土壤镉铅污染的原位钝化修复效果.结果表明:磷肥、海泡石/磷肥复配、膨润土/磷肥复配...     

蒙脱石对有机物料施入土壤磷形态和有效性的影响

以冷砂黄泥和矿子黄泥为研究对象,猪粪沼渣为有机物料,分别添加0%、5%、7.5%和10%质量分数的蒙脱石,采用室内培养试验研究了蒙脱石对施有机物料土壤pH、磷形态和有效性的影响.结果表明,有机物料对两种土壤pH无显著影响,而蒙脱石使土壤pH显著提高.施加有机物料使两种土壤铝结合态磷(Al-P)含量和分布比例提高,铁结合态磷(Fe-P)含量培养后期提高、比例略有下降,闭蓄态磷(O-P)含量无明显变化、比例下降.有机物料对冷砂黄泥中钙结合态磷(Ca-P)的含量无明显影响、比例下降,却使矿子黄泥Ca-P含量和比例提高.在施加有机物料基础上添加蒙脱石后,冷砂黄泥Al-P和O-P含量和比例下降,Fe-P含量无明显变化、比例下降,Ca-P含量和比例大幅度提高;矿子黄泥Fe-P和O-P含量和比例下降,Al-P含量无明显变化、比例下降,Ca-P含量和比例大幅度提高.培养过程中,有机物料使冷砂黄泥和矿子黄泥有效磷含量分别提高了17.9%~38.0%和17.1%~33.7%,土壤磷的活化系数也显著提高,添加蒙脱石后使两种土壤有效磷含量分别降低8.8%~35.5%和1.1%~11.6%.相关分析结果表明,蒙脱石通过提高pH和Ca-P含量、降低Al-P含量降低冷砂黄泥磷的有效性,通过提高pH、降低Fe-P含量降低矿子黄泥磷的有效性,对冷砂黄泥磷有效性的影响较矿子黄泥大.     

有机无机缓释复合肥对不同土壤微生物群落结构的影响

缓控释肥料作为一类新型肥料已成为近年来的研究热点,但对土壤微生物群落多样性影响规律的研究甚少.研究采用磷脂脂肪酸法分析缓释复合肥(SRF)、化肥(CF)和普通复合肥(CCF)分别施入酸性土和微碱性土恒温培养10、30、60和90d后的微生物群落结构多样性.结果表明,缓释复合肥等肥料施入2种土壤恒温培养(10~90 d)后检测到多种细菌(13:0,i14:0,14:0,i15:0,a15:0,i16:0,16:12OH,16:1w5c,16:0,i17:0,a17:0,cy17:0,17:02OH,i18:0,18:0,cy19:0w8c),2种放线菌(10Me17:0和10Me18:0)和1种真菌(18:1w9c).SRF在酸性土壤培养前期(10 d和30 d)较CF显著增加真菌PLFA含量8.3%和6.8%,在培养后期(60 d和90 d)较CCF显著增加真菌PLFA含量22.7%和17.1%;SRF较CF和CCF显著增加微碱性土壤在整个恒温培养期(30 d除外)土壤细菌、真菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFA含量.酸性土壤培养30 d和90 d时一般饱和脂肪酸/单烯不饱和脂肪酸PLFA值以SRF显著高于不施肥(CK)、CF和CCF,而在微碱性土壤上SRF仅在恒温培养60d时显著高于CK、CF和CCF;SRF较CCF显著降低酸性土壤(30~90 d)和微碱性土壤(10~60 d)异构PLFA/反异构PLFA值.从2种土壤PLFA种类、含量以及相对丰度等可知缓释复合肥较化肥和普通复合肥提高了土壤微生物PLFA种类和含量以及减弱对微生物生存环境的胁迫,缓释复合肥在2种土壤中尤其对酸性土的作用明显.通过研究缓释复合肥对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响,以期为农业生产上广泛施用缓释复合肥提供科学依据.     

农田土壤施用系列新型氮肥后气态氮(NH3和N2O)减排效果比较:以夏玉米季为例

为了解不同品种新型氮肥相对常规施肥其氨(NH3)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)的减排效果,本文通过田间原位试验同步研究了夏玉米生长季氮肥施用后的农田NH_3挥发和N_2O排放及其主要驱动因子.以常规施肥(复合肥+尿素,CK)为对照,设置了5个肥料处理,分别为脲铵氮肥(UA)、稳定性复合肥料(UHD)、硫包衣氮肥(SCU)、脲甲醛复合肥(UF)和有机肥(OF),施氮量(以N计)均为300 kg·hm~(-2).相关分析结果表明,氨挥发和N_2O排放受环境因子影响,均与土壤WFPS呈显著负相关(P0.05),N_2O排放还与土壤硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01).进一步回归分析表明,N_2O排放(F_(N_2O))主要取决于土壤硝态氮(x)含量的变化,而氨挥发(F_(NH_3))主要取决于土壤铵态氮(x)含量的变化.与CK相比,除了UA,其它肥料处理都降低了土壤的氨挥发,尤其是UF和OF处理减少了37%~43%.但对于N_2O排放,所有处理与CK皆无显著差异.进一步计算每种处理氨挥发和N_2O的气态氮损失总量,与CK相比,UHD、SCU、UF和OF分别减排了9%、5%、30%和23%,而UA增加了3%.     

大连市化肥农药流失入海量分析

对1996~2000年间,大连市化肥农药使用现状进行了统计分析,运用不同类型有机物理论化学耗氧量的数学计算模型,分别计算了大连市化肥农药流失和工业废水排放对海域的污染影响,结果认为大连市化肥农药流失对海域污染物COD的污染贡献率远远大于工业废水排放的COD贡献率。最终提出应采取加强化肥农药使用管理等有效手段防治近岸海域化肥农药流失污染。     

化肥厂爆炸事故的不安全动作分析

为了分析化肥厂爆炸事故背后的不安全动作。本文选取了2009-2018年间国内外发生的52起典型化肥厂爆炸事故。从发生时间的角度分析事故特性,发现白昼期间的事故发生概率相对较高。同时文章分析了运输卸料、车间操作、特种作业和管理人员4种作业类型的不安全动作,从发生频率和风险等级两个方面评估了不安全动作的综合危险度。结果表明13项不安全动作的综合危险度较高,需要重点预控。     

快速预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量方法研究进展

介绍了3种快速预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量的方法,包括比重计测定法、电导仪测定法以及近红外光谱分析法。其中比重计法是基于比重与干物质之间较好的相关性进行测量的,因此它是一种间接预测粪便中的总氮、总磷的方法;电导仪预测铵态氮和总钾含量的精度较高,其中猪、牛粪便稀释以后的相关系数高于稀释前的相关系数;近红外光谱分析法则可快速地预测总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮以及水分等含量,并且精度较高。因此,可以用比重计法、电导仪法以及近红外光谱法快速预测畜禽粪便中的肥料成分含量。     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.