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201.
氯代有机物是一类在生产和生活中广泛应用并被大量排放到环境中的难降解有机污染物质,一旦进入生态环境,就会在水体、土壤和底质中长期残留,并在食物链中不断积累、富集,从而对生物体产生危害。因此,对受这类难降解有机物污染的环境修复是目前所迫切需要解决的环境问题之一。基于物理和化学修复方法成本较高易造成二次污染,文中探讨了国内外生物修复技术的研究进展,并对难降解氯代有机物污染环境修复的研究方向进行了展望,由于环境中的污染物质复杂多变,联合生物修复技术将成为未来的研究热点。 相似文献
202.
Robert D. Norris David J. Wilson Ezekiel Chang 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,58(3):243-281
The use of oxygen releasing solids in passive wells has become of considerable interest in the bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons and other biodegradable contaminants. Labor, operating, and maintenance costs of this technology are quite competitive with more conventional techniques in many instances. Because of the small rates of mass transport by transverse dispersion, however, a pin-stripe pattern of alternating contaminant and oxygen distribution is expected downgradient of a line of wells which is unacceptable if it extends beyond the point of compliance downgradient. A mathematical model is presented which permits determination of the maximum well spacing in an array of wells which will yield effective remediation within a specified distance of a plume of contaminated groundwater passing through the array. Transverse dispersion of both oxygen and the contaminant is assumed, and biodegradation is modeled by means of Monod kinetics. Longitudinal numerical dispersion is minimized by the use of a asymmetrical upwind algorithm for modeling advection. Modeling results are presented showing the dependence of model behavior on input parameters. 相似文献
203.
204.
eransk Slavomr Urk Martin evc Jaroslav Khun Miloslav 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):31-35
Goal, Scope and Background
The aim of this work is to show the ability of several fungal species, isolated from arsenic polluted soils, to biosorb and volatilize arsenic from a liquid medium under laboratory conditions. Mechanisms of biosorption and biovolatilization play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of arsenic in the environment. The quantification of production of volatile arsenicals is discussed in this article.Methods
Heat-resistant filamentous fungi Neosartorya fischeri, Talaromyces wortmannii, T. flavus, Eupenicillium cinnamopurpureum, originally isolated from sediments highly contaminated with arsenic (more than 1403 mg.l-1 of arsenic), and the non-heat-resistant fungus Aspergillus niger were cultivated in 40 mL liquid Sabouraud medium (SAB) enriched by 0.05, 0.25, 1.0 or 2.5 mg of inorganic arsenic (H3AsO4). After 30-day and 90-day cultivation under laboratory conditions, the total arsenic content was determined in mycelium and SAB medium using the HG AAS analytical method. Production of volatile arsenic derivates by the Neosartorya fischeri strain was also determined directly by hourly sorption using the sorbent Anasorb CSC (USA).Results
Filamentous fungi volatilized 0.025–0.321 mg of arsenic from the cultivation system, on average, depending on arsenic concentrations and fungal species. The loss of arsenic was calculated indirectly by determining the sum of arsenic content in the mycelium and culture medium. The amount of arsenic captured on sorption material was 35.7 ng of arsenic (22nd day of cultivation) and 56.4 ng of arsenic (29th day of cultivation) after one hour's sorption. Biosorption of arsenic by two types of fungal biomass was also discussed, and the biosorption capacity for arsenic of pelletized and compact biomass of Neosartorya fischeri was on average 0.388 mg and 0.783 mg of arsenic, respectively.Discussion
The biosorption and amount of volatilized arsenic for each fungal species was evaluated and the effect of initial pH on the biovolatilization of arsenic was discussed.Conclusions
The most effective biovolatilization of arsenic was observed in the heat-resistant Neosartorya fischeri strain, while biotransformation of arsenic into volatile derivates was approximately two times lower for the non-heat-resistant Aspergillus niger strain. Biovolatilization of arsenic by Talaromyces wortmannii, T. flavus, Eupenicillium cinnamopurpureum was negligible. Results from biosorption experiments indicate that nearly all of an uptaken arsenic by Neosartorya fischeri was transformed into volatile derivates.Recommendations and Perspective
. Biovolatilization and biosorption have a great potential for bioremediation of contaminated localities. However, results showed that not all fungal species are effective in the removal of arsenic. Thus, more work in this research area is needed.205.
A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several (halo)aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no (chloro)catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway. 相似文献
206.
石油污染土壤的生态效应及修复技术研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
以玉米和向日葵为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了石油污染土壤对植物生长的影响及两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用;考察了节细菌(DX-9)对玉米,向日葵植物修复的强化和协同效应;探讨了石油烃在植物不同部位的残留量。结果表明:在土壤石油烃含量初始值为10000mg/kg时,玉米、向日葵生物量分别减少14.5%和21.0%。150d土壤中石油烃降解率分别为42.5%和46.4%,较对照区提高了100.5%和118.9%;节细菌的施加使两种植物的降解率分别提高到72.8%和76.4%。石油烃在玉米的根、茎、叶、芯和籽仁中的含量较对照区分别增加了19.4%、0.8%、0.7%、1.3%和14.8%,在向日葵的根、茎、叶、葵盘和籽仁中的含量分别增加了184.5%、1.2%、1.1%、2.3%和31.2%。结论表明:石油污染土壤对玉米,向日葵生长性状和籽仁质量有显著影响;玉米或向日葵与节细菌(DX-9)联合进行石油污染土壤的生物修复效果显著;石油烃在植物各部位均有不同程度的残留,根部残留量最大。 相似文献
207.
从石油污染土壤中分离得到1株降解石油烃类污染物的He4菌株.该菌株能够以正十六烷、苯、萘、蒽、菲和芘作为唯一的碳源生长.经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株初步鉴定为Gordoniasp..通过分析其16S rRNA基因序列,设计引物并构建了竞争性模板.通过竞争性定量PCR(quantitative competitive-PCR)分析了该菌株在含有菲的污染土壤中数量的变化.结果表明,部分菌株He4在土壤中转变为不可培养状态,采用传统的稀释涂布菌落计数法(CFU)无法对其进行定量,而通过QC-PCR能够较准确地测定土壤中微生物的动态变化. 相似文献
208.
随着石油污染土壤的日益严重,生物修复技术也日益重要,对生物修复技术进行管理是利用生物技术修复石油污染土壤的基本需求。在此探讨了石油污染修复过程中的环境管理,包括修复方法的选择,技术管理,过程控制和风险管理。并提出了可以表征石油污染土壤生物修复成本的评价方法。 相似文献
209.
210.
采用原位修复法处理石油烃污染土壤,考察了土壤中石油烃的自然降解情况,研究了土壤改良剂和生物营养剂对石油烃降解的促进作用。实验结果表明:将总石油烃含量约为5 g/kg的实验土样降解30 d,自然降解时总石油烃降解率为7.8%;当单独加入1.0%(w)的土壤改良剂时,总石油烃降解率达36.0%;当单独加入1.0 g/kg的生物营养剂时,总石油烃降解率为51.6%;最佳促进剂配方为土壤改良剂加入量1.0%(w),生物营养剂加入量1.0 g/kg,此条件下总石油烃降解率为80.1%。 相似文献